Economic Consequences of Software Crime

In 1996 worldwide vicious written mattering of domestic and transnational softw argon cost $15. 2 billion to the package system diligence, with a loss of $5. 1 billion in the trade union America alone. Some sources put the total up-to-date losses, due to package crime, as naughty as $4. 7 trillion. On the next page is a regional breakdown of softw atomic number 18 piracy losses for 1994. Estimates show that over 40 percent of North American software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industrys piracy losses occurred orthogonal of North America.The Software Publishers Association (SPA) indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the North America was obtained illegally. In fact, 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporal imbedtings. In a corporate setting or business, e real computer mustiness buzz off its own set of original software and the appropriate enumerate of manuals. It is illegal for a corpo ration or business to purchase a wiz set of original s oftware and then bill that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distri thoe software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. more software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs to their organizations. Many firms impact their legal departments and human resources in regards to software dissemination and licensing. In influenceation can qualify to be spot in two ways patent righteousness and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, which are exposed to Constitutional authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must graduation exercise rely on other theories of information-as-property.Trade secret laws are created by provincial law, and near jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holders rights. The definition of a trade secret varies sanely from province to province, but uncouthly have the same elements. For example, the information must be secret, not of open knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business. A court go forth allow a trade secret to be apply by someone who dis dissembleed or developed the trade secret independently if the holder takes adequate precautions to foster the secret.In 1964, the National procure Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its ratiocination on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo, where the Supreme Court de confinesined that a quietly roll substance ab procedured in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music beca purpose the roll was part of a mechanical device. Since a computer syllabus is textual, like a book, yet in any case mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the procure Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt.In 1974, the government created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology cogitation outpaced the existent copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that small-arm copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving fibre law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms.CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU overlay resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980, the Copyright Act was amended to explicitly acknowledge computer programs. It now states that it is illegal to contribute or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorizatio n, except for the exploiters right to make a single seatup copy for archival purposes.Any written material (including computer programs) ameliorate in a tangible form (written somewhere i. . printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. in that respectfore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the National Copyright Office for the program to be protect as copyrighted. With that in mind a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a (federal) court to stop that person by an injunction and to give you regaining for the injury they have through with(p) to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act was approved in 1990.This Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. Another amendment to the Copyright Act was passed in 19 92. This amendment made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, fines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail value exceeding $2,500 or more.According to federal law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use by different substance abusers at heart an organization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else is prohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individuals company can be tried under both civil and criminal law. A gracious action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringers profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement.The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to $250,000 and a lag term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a mo offense. When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry feels the effect of piracy. on the whole software developers spend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar spent in purchasing original softwar e is funneled back into research and development of new software.Software piracy can be come off aground in ternary forms software counterfeiting, which is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the ironware from that particular dealer and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the profit.When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or upgrade version being more expensive. national appellate courts have determined that operating systems, object code and software contained in ROMs are protected by copyright. Some lower federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips) and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection. Which has created major problems for the widespread development of multimedia applications with regards to clearing copyright for small elements of text, images, video and sound.The United States Government has been an active participant in defend the rights of the software industry. When the Business Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate as well. An organization cognize as the Software Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal trade crosstie of the PC software industry. SPA working closely with the FBI and has also written an enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits).With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million since the program started in 1990. The Software Publishers Association (SPA) funds an educational program to inform individuals and corporations about software use and the law. This program provides all PC users with the tools essential to comply with copyright law and become software legal. The SPA also publishes brochures gratuitous of charge about the legal use of software for individuals and businesses.Also visible(prenominal) to help corporations scan the copyright law is a 12-minute videotape, which is composed of the most commonly asked questions and answers to them. The video tape is available in French and Spanish and all together over 35,000 copies of the tape had been sold. The SPA has also co mpiled a free Self-Audit Kit with which organizations can examine their software use practices. Included in the kit, is a software list management program designed to help an organization track their commercial software programs that are on all their hard disks.The program searches the PCs hard disk for more than 1300 of the most common programs used in business. Also available is the SPA Software Management Guide which helps companies audit their incumbent software policies, educate employees about the legal use of software, and establish procedures to purchase, register, upgrade and backup computing systems. The guide, in addition, provides an Internal Controls Analysis and Questionnaire. The guide also contains all of the SPAs current anti-piracy materials.The software industry is facing the challenges of more sophisticated network environments, greater competition among software companies along with hardware manufacturers. At this moment more software than ever before is distr ibuted on a high volume, mass marketed basis. There are many types of software out on the market and the amount is increasing every day. They enjoin from graphical user interfaces for application programs such as mass-market spreadsheets, to more sophisticated technical software used to design integrated circuits.The use of software plays a more vital role in our periodic lives than it ever has. Such as embedded software, which is critical to equipment in such locations as a bear ons office or an automotive shop. The instrument and devices found in that location depend more and more on software, because software provides the flexibility to meet the many different needs to the end user. As our lives our determine and enhanced more by technology, there is already a greater demand that impacts the software industry. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the main concerns of the software industry is how to deal with the progenys of software licensing.More and more customers want custo mized software conform to for their business or personal need, and command the software development firms to accommodate to their wishes. The other side of this issue is that software development firms are concerned with unrealized revenue and excess costs in the form of software piracy, unauthorized use, excess discounts and lengthened sales cycles. For the customer and the software development firm, all of these have high administrative costs in regards to software programs.Software licensing policies were originally a result of software developers need to protect their revenue base in the face of potential piracy. Product spoken communication for software is made up of a number of different components, which are referred to as software licensing. The by-line factors are taken into consideration when determining a cost for a software permit corporeal delivery pricing, metric discounts, liberty periods support and maintenance, license management Tech support, change in use b ug fixes and Platform Migration Product enhancements.The most commonly found type of software license found in business is known as a network license. There are four types of categories that are classified as a network license. Concurrent use licenses authorize a stipulate number of users to access and hightail it licensed software at any time. Site licenses authorize use at a single site, but are slowly being phased out and replaced by enterprise licenses. initiative licenses cover all sites within a corporation because of more virtual computing environments.Node licenses are also slowly being phased out because they are mainly used in a lymph gland/server environment, since the licensed software may be used only on a specified workstation in which a user must log on to in order to access and act the software application. Currently the trend in a network system is to use measurement software, which allows vendors to be more flexible in licensing arrangements. This management so ftware monitors and restricts the number of users or clients who may access and execute the application software at any one time.This is significant because a user pays only for needed use and a vendor can monitor such use to protect intellectual property. A new type of license that is emerging is known as a currency-based license. This type of license works on the basis that it provides to the end user a specified dollar amount of software licenses. This allows licenses to cover different business application software, so long as the total value in use at a given time is less than the amount stipulated in the license.Another type of license emerging is known as a platform-independent licensing. Which permits software to be used on a flesh of different computer systems within a business, instead of buying a different license for distributively version of the same software used by different systems. The most common type of licensing is known as shrink-wrap, the concept behind this that the licenses terms are deemed accepted once the end user breaks a shrink-wrap seal or opens a sealed envelope containing the software.A reason for these new types of licensing is that when software licensing was first introduced, the software development firms assumed that most businesses would use the software for a 8 to 10 instant period. Yet, did not take into consideration that with the advancement of technology, more businesses would want a floating license crossways the world for 24 hours. This made it so it was not cost effective for the software development firm. A floating license is a license that is made available to anyone on a network.The licenses are not locked to particular workstations, instead they float to modes on the network. Shareware, freeware and public domain are different types of software available to the end user, and are distinguished by different rules about how programs may be distributed, copied, used and modified. The term shareware refers to s oftware that is distributed at a low cost, but which usually requires a payment after a certain time period and registration for full use. Copies of this software are offered on a ladder basis, the end user is free to try a scaled down version of the program.If the end user wants the shareware program, included in the program is information specifying how to register the program and what fee is required. Once registered the end user will typically receive a printed manual, an updated copy of the software (often with additional features), and the legal right to use the program in their home or business. The advantage that shareware has is that it lets the end user thoroughly test a program to see if its useful before making a purchase. The authors of shareware programs retain their copyright on the contents, and as other copyrighted software should not be pirated.Freeware is also distributed at a very low cost and like shareware is found mainly on the Internet. The authors of the f reeware program do not expect payment for their software. Typically, freeware programs are small utilities or incomplete programs that are released by authors for the potential benefit to others, but the drawback to this is that there is no technical support. Public domain software is generally found on the Internet and is released without any condition upon its use. It may be copied, modified and distributed as the end user wishes to do.A license manager is a system utility-like application that controls or monitors the use of another end-user application. It is generally implemented to protect intellectual property (meaning to stop illegal copying) and/or to become more competitive by offering new ways in which to evaluate, purchase and pay for software. Since the license manager controls the number of application users, there is not a need to control the number of application copies. This process lets the end user run one or more applications between machines, without violating the terms of the license agreement.