Packer Telecom Essay

This case talked about risk management. As a telecom company with high-speed development, Packer Telecom decided to use risk management to protect and promote itself. It wanted to not only enlarge market share but also reduced budget at the same time. The project manager developed a risk management template based on the risk management plans other companies used in the past. He tried to persuade the sponsor that the template would work well at Packer Telecom, but the sponsor had not totally agreed about this. For me, the telecom industry was in a state of turmoil and rapid advance. On this occasion, seeking to change by using risk management would be a great way for Packer to take the lead. Risk management would be a good part to improve efficiency and reduce cost. They could get better control over the future, if they did risk management right. The project manager did not do it right. To identify, assess, response, and control the risks, the risk management plan should change with the situation of company and time. I highly doubt that if there are best practices or template for the risk management. To make a good risk management, knowing what the company will face is the first thing to do. The project manager built the template only because other companies were using or used it. He gave so much credence to his work that he did not considered about the real situation of his company. After all, even though his template would work, using it for all the projects at once was still not a good idea. It might or might not fix all the projects, and they should not put all their eggs in one basket. I thought the sponsor knew risk management and project management better than the manager. He asked some serious questions and did not agree with the manager from beginning to end. I hoped he could make the right decision and found a better project manager later. What they should do now is making a risk management group, might be a new department. They could count on one project manager to do all the risk management work. That template might help them to finish the job, it should be changed based on each project or case. The risk management should be used at the new projects at first. It would help to cut down some high risk projects or cases. At the same time, the employees in the Packer should be trained to understand the risk management. This is the right way to make it become a company culture.

Human Sexuality Essay

Teresita went to a fraternity party because she’d heard that this fraternity â€Å"really knew how to have fun† and she really needed fun after a disastrous academic week. She knew that some women had been taken advantage of at previous parties, but she put that out of her mind, as she downed one drink after another. Just when things were getting dull, the coolest guy on campus took her by the hand, led her upstairs and talked her into having sex. The next day, Teresita noticed that her vagina was bruised and bleeding. She barely recalled having sex, but knew who was responsible for her condition, and filed rape charges against him with the campus administrator. Phillip was alone on the beach. Midnight was his favourite time of day, there were no other people around and he could really enjoy the sound of the waves and smell of the ocean breeze. He was almost asleep when he felt two women sit down next to him. One of them held down his arms while sitting on his chest. The other woman pulled down his bathing suit and began fellatio. In spite of his struggling and his anger, he got an erection. Both women took turns sitting on his erection, and left him when they were done. Phillip was confused — he couldn’t tell if he had been raped or not. He knows he didn’t want to have sex with these women he didn’t know, but can’t understand why he couldn’t fight them off (they were both smaller than him) and why he had an erection. Monica is seventeen and has been having sex with guys since she was fifteen. Gary is twenty-one and heard that Monica was â€Å"hot stuff† in bed. They go out and have consensual sex. Next day, Gary’s friend tells him he raped Monica. Is Gary’s friend correct?

An Evaluation of Jessie Nelson’s Directed Film, I Am Sam

An Evaluation of Jessie Nelson’s Directed Film, I Am Sam The movie I chose to review is I am Sam. This movie is about a man, Sam, with a mentally disability coping with the struggles of raising his daughter. He has the mind of a seven year old so things get tough when his daughter, Lucy, becomes seven and surpasses his intelligence and the kids in her classroom begin to make fun of him. Sam soon gets in trouble with social services and finds a lawyer, Rita, to help win his daughter back. The movie ends with a couple co-parenting Lucy, with Sam. So in a sense everyone wins; Sam and Lucy still get to have their relationship and the couple gets a daughter and can raise and take care of her needs. Sam’s character is said to have autism and a mental disability but did not specify what it was exactly. All that was said is that he had the mind of a seven year old. He was portrayed as a loving and caring father who read to his daughter every night and even threw her birthday parties. He also had a group of friends, who were also disabled, that helped raise Lucy. In one scene Sam did not have enough money to buy Lucy a new pair of shoes for school and all of the friends chipped in to pay for the shoes. You could also see how he struggled because Wednesday nights were IHOP nights but Lucy wanted to try a different restaurant. Sam went to the other restaurant but threw a fit when they did not have the pancakes that he wanted. It was hard for him to change his routine, but he tried because Lucy asked him too even though, with his disability, it was very hard for him. During the trial to win Lucy back Sam did everything in his power to get her back. Rita, the lawyer, was portrayed as a woman who put work before her family and kids. This was the reverse role of Sam because all he wanted was to be with Lucy. Once she got to know Sam she tried to do everything she could to help him and they even became great friends and she became a better mom because of him. You could really see how he struggled in the trial due to his disability. It was hard for him to keep up with the questions being asked and sometimes when he got confused he would quote The Beatles or things that happened to The Beatles; they were his favorite band. The movie wanted you to feel sympathy for him and pity him because he wanted so bad to be the father he needed to be put was held back by his disability. This movie was a positive portrayal of individuals with disabilities because it showed that even though Sam had a disability it did not affect his ability to love. Playing off the role of Rita, which was the opposite of Sam, she was the typical lawyer who had lost touch with his young son and even admitted to hating him. This scenario also showed that people without disabilities are not perfect and can learn from individuals with disabilities. She even said in one scene, towards the end of the movie, that she gained more from their relationship than Sam had gained from it. This shows how special individuals with disabilities are and how much they can better the lives of others and all that they want is to be treated like everyone else, because they do have feelings. Since the movie said that he had some form of autism I think they portrayed it well. Autism disorders are known to be on a spectrum and full of variety. Some people can be somewhat autistic while others are considered to be very autistic. Autism can, â€Å"affect a child’s development and ability to communicate and that includes unusual behavioral manifestations such as repetitive motor movements† (Kirk, 2012, p. 148). During the movie Sam constantly tilted his head up when he was frustrated and did not understand what was going on. This happened often in court when he was asked questions that he did not understand or too many questions were being asked to him at one time. Asperger’s Syndrome is also considered to be on the spectrum of autism and Sam showed signs of, â€Å"a preoccupation with certain subjects almost to the exclusion of other subjects† (Kirk, 2012, p. 148). This is seen with how he relates everything to The Beatles or things that happened between the band members. Another sign of Asperger’s Syndrome that Sam portrayed was hand flapping, especially when he was excited. He also had a job at Starbucks and every sugar had to be in the correct order and in the same place which is also a classic sign of Asperger’s Syndrome. He also had a routine as mentioned before Wednesday nights were IHOP nights and Friday nights were movie nights with his friends. A difference in Sam and Asperger’s Syndrome is that he had no difficulty socially. He was very sociable and enjoyed meeting new people. Rita had a couple in her office who were fighting over custody and the mother was crying and Sam went up to her and gave he r a hug to make her feel better. With all this being said I think the movie did an excellent job portraying autism in Sam’s character. It was clear that he struggled in certain aspects of everyday life mentally, but he had no physical disability. One thing I did notice in the movie is that they kept referring to Sam as â€Å"retarded.† This movie came out in 2001 so I am not sure if that is what they were still calling people with exceptionalities but it made me feel ashamed of those people for referring to him that way. This movie impacted me greatly and by the end of it I was in tears. It was amazing to see a person with disability love someone so much and do anything for them and impact so many lives in the process. I have read several movie reviews and most of them say it was an amazing and accurate performance, for example, â€Å"I Am Sam deserves to be remembered for Sean Penns remarkable performance as a mentally challenged man. Penns accuracy, his lack of condescension or sentiment, and his w illingness to inhabit his character without any implicit commentary take what might have been the equivalent of an inflated TV movie and elevate it to the level of art† (LaSalle, 2002). I feel that I got a lot out of this assignment and really enjoyed it. It was great to see the love and compassion that individuals with disabilities feel and how much they can impact society and the lives of others. It shows that even though they have a disability they are first and foremost a person who can feel and express themselves, just a little bit differently. I think this was the entire purpose of the movie; to make the viewer feel sympathy for Sam but also realize that he is not so different after all.

Managing and developing people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing and developing people - Essay Example Usually, big organizations could have thousands of employees. To manage such a magnitude of employees requires expertise, skill and a deep knowledge of principles of management. Regardless of the size of the organization, human resources are what keep a company moving. This paper discusses the role of motivation in getting work done and especially in increasing employee job performance. The following is a report on the factors that affect motivation in an given organization. The report highlights different technique and human resources theory, which different organizations use to give rewards and maintain a well-motivated workforce. This section of the report analyzes the techniques and theories with an aim of evaluating their effectiveness as strategies made to assist the organization in achieving its goals. It is evident that the task of motivating workforce in an organization is not an easy one and requires that organizations evident enormous resources in the process. Cranny, Smith, and Stone, (1992), defines motivation as the process of empowering an individual to continue acting in a certain positive behaviour. Motivation in organizations is aimed at encouraging employees to take initiative in execution of their duties at the work place. Motivated employees exhibit self-drive and desire to willingly perform their tasks in accordance to the organization’s objectives (Cranny, Smith, & Stone, 1992). According to the Maslow’s theory, employees’ behaviour is influenced by wants and desires which unless satisfied, they continue to determine and influence how an employee will act. In a business organization, employees have their needs and wants, which make them to work. However unless their expectations are fulfilled they may under perform or function in less effective manner. Business organizations have come up with different ways of fulfilling human resource needs. The most important of them is the motivation of workers. Unless workers are

Operating Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operating Systems - Essay Example Although operating systems like Linux or FreeBSD show better performance having 64 MB of RAM, Windows XP is able to run on the same hardware. Laskin (n.d.) writes that 128Mb was simply not enough to allow Windows XP to operate efficiently. He observed an average increase in speed of 25% between 128Mb and 256Mb. The next step up in his investigation was 512Mb. Here the increase was less dramatic but still quite noticeable, about a 5% increase in speed depending on the test. Whilst extra memory can affect the overall speed, Lackey (n.d.) writes, it can also make for smoother operation depending on the task in hand. Basic word processing and Internet access usually require no more then 128-256Mb of RAM. More demanding tasks can soon show the inadequacy of low amounts of RAM. Graphics and Sound are the two memory consumers. Complex documents containing graphics or embedded charts and especially more sophisticated PowerPoint presentations are much easier to handle with between 256and 512Mb. Databases start to benefit too at this level. In fact, the more RAM the better when it comes to these as they can keep their temporary tables in memory speeding up performance immensely. The real memory consuming tasks include 3D work, both CAD (Computer Aided Design) and more generalized computer graphics, real time video editing and real world modeling such as water flow calculations. Here the sky is the limit with 1Gb or more not being at all unreasonable. Most people who Lackey (n.d.) knows work with 3D graphics professionally tend to run at their systems maximum, usually 4Gb. Addressing of Memory in Windows XP As Nichol (2006) writes, a program instruction in a modern operating system on an Intel 386 or later CPU can address up to 4GB of memory, using its full 32 bits. This is normally far more than the RAM of the machine. So the hardware provides for programs to operate in terms of as much as they wish of this full 4GB space as Virtual Memory, those parts of the program and data which are currently active being loaded into Physical Random Access Memory (RAM). The processor itself then translates ('maps') the virtual addresses from an instruction into the correct physical equivalents, doing this on the fly as the instruction is executed. The processor manages the mapping in terms of pages of 4 Kilobytes each - a size that has implications for managing virtual memory by the system. Page File By Nichol (2006), only those parts of the program and data that are currently in active use need to be held in physical RAM. Other parts are then held in a page file (in Windows NT versions including Windows 2000 and XP: pagefile.sys). When a program tries to access some address that is not currently in physical RAM, it generates an interrupt, called a Page Fault. This asks the system to retrieve the 4 KB page containing the address from the page file (or in the case of code possibly from the original program file). This - a valid page fault - normally happens quite invisibly. Sometimes, through

Cover Memo for two messages attached Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover Memo for two messages attached - Assignment Example For instance, ethical and logical appeals was created when I used the statement ‘We are a team of 55 marketing and media and professionals, and ‘Provide us with approximately 5o rooms and 2 conference rooms.’ These enabled us to captivate the attention of our audience to actually believe in us as credible persons who were serious about visiting the facility. Besides, I used the strategy of first person narration. As part of the team making inquiry, I had to speak on behalf of my team. Thus, I often used ‘I’, ‘we’ and ‘us’ appropriately. This made it much easier for me to communicate my message and appeal to my audience. Meanwhile, in Message 5, I used the strategy of courtesy when addressing my audience. This simply means the use of polite language in my communications. Even if the message was being written as protest of a poor quality work done to us, I decided to humble myself before my audience. These were evidenced in statements such as ‘We felt fortunate for your company to install an iron gate for one of our business tenants,’ ‘We were glad to transact with your company as it had provided us with a one year warranty for the gate’ and ‘We kindly ask you to send your team to inspect the gate and remedy the problem as soon as possible.’ I had to opt for this strategy because it convinces the audience. Indeed, it made me to win the confidence and attention of my audience whose services would be essential to us. On the other hand, I used appropriate vocabularies in my message. As a business communication, I knew that I would have to use terms and jargons such as transact, warranty, inspect and remedy. Their relevance made to be up to the context of my

Anishnabe change makers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anishnabe change makers - Essay Example The Anishinaabe people all speak closely related Anishinaabemowin languages of the Algonquian language family. One of the Anishinaabe change makers was George Manuel, born back in February 21st 1921 to Maria and Rainbow on the Secwepemc side of Shuswap people. Her mother, Maria later married Louie Manuel, and hence George inherited his second name. He started school at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. During this time he was, diagnosed with tuberculosis and later transferred to Indian TB hospital near Chilliwack, British Columbia. During his spell there, George met Marceline Paul; a Kootenai woman from St. Marys Indian Band and made her his first wife. They both married and together, had six children. He gained strength from his family, which added to his leadership quality. George started developing the urge of taking responsibility as a political leader which began to be a developing strain on his life in marriage. First elected as the chief of Neskon Indian Band and during the year 1959 and after the death of his mentor Andy Paul, he took the responsibility as the head of North American Indian Brotherhood. After he had broken up with Marceline, the federal Department of Indian Affairs offered him a position with the Cowichan Tribes at Duncan where he worked as a community development officer. As a change maker, George felt the need to have a vision for his life and his people in general. He opted to work for his community for the aboriginal people and the indigenous people of the world as well. He recognized that for aboriginal societies to effect change, the members of the community had to work together as one in order to achieve this goal. George moved from his position and advanced to a role with the Alberta brotherhood where he developed a strong and firm working relationship with the Cree political leader Harold

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA OR Discuss Essay

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA OR Discuss the problems of gun crime in the USA and possible solutions to it - Essay Example Nowadays, the United States of America is the country with the biggest rates of gun ownership (Boseley 2013). However, the Second Amendment has always caused a lot of discussions because of its contradictory roots and the ethical controversies it is based on. On the one hand, it is supposed to provide US citizens with safety and right to protect themselves; however, in fact it turns out that this right makes people violate other people’s right for safety, as many US citizens start using weapon for the purposes other than its intended use. Thus the first cause of gun crime in USA is people’s feeling of power and physical dominance. When people feel that they have right to use weapon, they know that they can hold others’ lives in their hands, which often makes people overestimate their rights and step over the rights of others. Another cause of gun crime in the USA is the specific features of the nation, which is appeared to consist of multiple nationalities, races, and ethnicities, who are supposed to coexist on the same territory. Thus there are a lot of cases of gun crimes when weapon is being used in order to segregate territories, which is people’s expression of personal freedom. However, the right to keep and bear arms in most cases leads to lethal outcomes and many innocent people die because of misusage of weapon in the United States. According to recent statistics, approximately 70 percents of crimes in the USA have been conducted with usage of guns which belonged to their legal owners. Moreover, the study revealed dramatically increased gun ownership rates within the past few decades (Duggan 2001). Researchers claim that as more guns find their owners in the US, the more crimes with their usage are being conducted, which literally means: more guns, more crime. Such statistical data points on the issue whether legalizing guns was such a good

Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design - Essay Example There are three main designs of the bottle, that is, bottles made of bamboo, stone and sea shell. Choice of the three designs anchors on the company’s philosophy to offer products that are sensitive to benign nature of the environment (Gabriel, 2014). All the three bottles are refillable, thus minimizing incidences of disposure. Bamboo, stone and Sea Shell designs take resonance with Oriental, Spa and Sea respectively (Lidwell, & Manacsa, 2009). Each design demarcates for the target client that which he or she is able to anticipate from resultant effect of the product to their body’s thus guiding choice of selection. For example, Bamboo extract contributes to Vitamin E in the human skin. Vitamin E contains antioxidants that nourishes the skin of an individual (Lidwell, Holden, Butler, & Elam, 2010). As such, products within the bottle made of bamboo design resonates with positive contributory effect of bamboo extracts to enlighten the human skin. Creation of the bamboo entails chopping of the bamboo reeds in physical size that is in tandem with other sizes of products which the company offer (Chin, 2005). Size of the bamboo tube also has the capacity to bear rightful quantities of moisturizer as Natugo establishes. Outer cover of the bamboo bottle is green. Essence of the green color is for educative purposes (Brandau, 2012). Green is a representative color for nature. Therefore, the green color depicts that the product is purely natural and contains elements of extracts that emanate from Bamboo therefore healthy and benevolent in refreshing skin of the users (Hughes, 2006). Creation of the stone bottles entails selection of fine stones. The stones resemble the ones used within a Spa (Lee, 2005). Designer of the stone arranges bigger stone to constitute base of the bottle. Pile of the stones emerge in a descending order in times of the physical size. The designer then drill a

The Theme of Love in Womans Novels Essay Example for Free

The Theme of Love in Womans Novels Essay My aim is to compare and contrast different kinds of love in the novels The Tenant of Wildfell Hall written by Anne Brontà « and The Mill on the Floss written by George Elliot. I am going to examine and determine a love of parents for their children, a love between siblings, a love between man and woman, and a love of literature and art in these novels. In the novel The Mill on the Floss the heroine Helen has a little son – Arthur and she loves him very much. She takes a good care of him, she is aware where he is and what he is doing, and if she is not around her, she asks about him: â€Å"What was Arthur doing when you came away?† (Brontà «, 55). She tries to provide him a good education and she wants him to become a good man one day. And when he is around his father who has a really bad influence on him, she does everything possible to protect him from the behaviour of his father. Even though his father is a bad person, she does not want her son to hate his father, she only wants him to see that his father is not a good person and that little Arthur does not have to be the same: â€Å"And when you hear such words spoken, Arthur, remember never to repeat them: it is wicked to say such things of others, not to have them said against you† (299). Even though it seems to be impossible to manage it, one day little Arthur sees it: â€Å" ‘I’m sorry papa’s wicked,’ said he mournfully, at length, ‘for I don’t want him to go to hell.’ And so saying he burst into tears† (300). Helen’s love for her son is selfless, patient, and never-stopping – just the way the love of a parent for her or his child is supposed to be. Maggie and Tom, siblings in the novel The Mill on the Floss, have parents who care for them as well. Their father Mr Tulliver wants to provide them with good education: â€Å"what I w ant is to give Tom a good eddication† (Elliot, 14). He knows that he is a bit illiterate so he wants his son to be better, educated, and independent as he has never been. His wife agrees with him: â€Å"Well, Mr. Tulliver, you know best: I’ve no objections† (14). When Tom is sent away from home to get his education, his father visits him when he has a chance: â€Å"It was Mr. Tulliver’s first visit to see Tom† (99). They have good parents-children relationship which is obvious from the actions of Tom and Maggie. After their education they help their father, protect him from bad news when he is deadly ill or when he hurts himself, or when he lost everything they obey him and help him: â€Å"When Maggie reached home that evening, in obedience to her father’s call, he was no longer insensible† (132). The love of Maggie’s parents is not acquisitive and selfless because they do for their children what they need to have better life and they are asking only for obedience. Helen has one brother who is called Frederic, but they are not really close as children, because she lives with her aunt and not with him. But when the trouble with Helen’s husband comes and she needs to run, he helps her without hesitation because blood is thicker than water. And thanks to their distant relationship her husband will never ask him about her: â€Å"Mr. Huntingdon would be the last person to whom he should communicate the intelligence; and that he need not trouble himself to bargain for the child, for he (Frederick) fancied he knew enough of his sister to enable him to declare, that wherever she might be, or however situated, no consideration would induce her to deliver him up† (326). But when she leaves her husband and starts living in Wildfell Hall, they grow closer and he is her regular visitor. And since no one knows who he is to her, everyone including Gilbert, the man who loves her, thinks that they are lovers. Gilbert overhears one of their conversations of loving each other and he misinterprets it: â€Å"I heard quite enough, Helen. And it was well for me that I did hear it; for nothing less could have cured my infatuation† (107). The love of Helen and Frederick for each other is selfless and caring. On the contrary, Maggie and Tom grow up together, they do everything together. Maggie follows Tom everywhere and he is an example for her. Her love for him during childhood is very sincere: â€Å"IT was a heavy disappointment to Maggie that she was not allowed to go with her father in the gig hen he went to fetch Tom home from the academy† (26). But their relationship is as most of the relationships of siblings are – they sometimes argue or tease each other, and sometimes they are impatient with each other, but they are glad to see each other: â€Å"Tom, in the gladness of his heart at having dear old Maggie to dispute with and crow over again, seized her round the waist † (100). Later, when Tom does not agree with the choice of her lover, they argue and he stops speaking to her. But she loves him unconditionally and wants to have a good relationship with him. In the end the stop their disputes and they come to terms with each other: â€Å"The boat reappeared, but brother and sister had gone down in an embrace never to be parted; living through again in one supreme moment the days when they had clasped their little hands in love, and roamed the daisied fields together† (333). The first love of the heroine of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall was foolish, reckless, and it almost destroyed her. She chose a man with good looks, who made her laugh, but he was irresponsible and wild and she thought he would change. At the beginning their love was passionate, but soon she realized that he flirts with other women even though he was married and that he thinks of her as an object of his pleasure and does not treat her as an equal partner. His love for her is selfish. On the other hand, her second love, Mr Gilbert Markham, is more matured, but still very passionate and romantic: â€Å"just when I love you more than ever† (331). Their love began as friends: â€Å"Mrs. Graham and I were now established friends† (78). And while being friends, she realised that he is an opposite of her husband and that he treats her as an equal partner and is a good example for her little son. She knows that she cannot marry him so she tries to protect him from being hurt of unfulfilled love: â€Å"‘Now, Gilbert, you must leave me—not this moment, but soon—and you must never come again.’† (331). Their love for each other is selfless and self-sacrificing. Maggie Tulliver has two men in her life that she loves as well. Her first love is Phillip, Tom’s classmate. But at the beginning she pities him more than she loves him because of his deformity. But later they become friends, they talk about the books they read a l ot and their love for each other grows. She thinks of him as a brother, not a lover: â€Å"As if I were not grateful for any love. But—but I had never thought of your being my lover. It seemed so far off—like a dream—only like one of the stories one imagines—that I should ever have a lover† (214). But she soon realises that she can love him more than just as a brother: â€Å"but I don’t think I could love any one better than I love you† (215). On the contrary, her love for Stephen is based on the mutual attraction. Their love is passionate and everything that Phillip cannot give her. The first time she and Stephen are alone there is strong attraction towards each other they cannot explain: â€Å"Did she feel as he did? He hoped she did—not. He ought not to have gone. He would master himself in future. He would make himself disagreeable to her, quarrel with her perhaps. Quarrel with her? Was it possible to quarrel with a creature who had such eyes,—defying and deprecating, contradicting and clinging, imperious and beseeching,—full of delicious opposites? To see such a creature subdued by love for one would be a lot worth having—to another man† (262). One moment they run away together and want to get married, but Maggie comes to her senses, because their love is forbidden by society since Stephen is her cousin’s fiancà ©. Helen Graham is a woman who can play the piano, sing a little, she can dance and she really loves literature. But most of all she loves drawing. Sometimes drawing is the only activity she likes doing: â€Å"My drawing suits me best, for I can draw and think at the same time; and if my productions cannot now be seen by any one but myself, and those who do not care about them, they, possibly, may be, hereafter† (109). Her drawing is so good that she earns some money with her paintings, which she saves for the escape from her husband. When she comes to Wildfell Hall, she still continues drawing. It is one of her favourite past times and she draws the things she likes: â€Å"she left us and proceeded along the steep, stony hill, to a loftier, more precipitous eminence at some distance, whence a still finer prospect was to be had, where she preferred taking her sketch, though some of the ladies told her it was a frightful place, and advised her not to attempt it† (54). Helen also likes reading a lot, she and Mr Markham often lend each other some books and then discuss it. The love of art is fulfilling for her, it is calming her and helping her overcome bad moments of her life. It is Maggie’s love of literature that is fascinating. Her desire for knowledge and to know everything is never-ending. As a little child she reads a lot, she has read the books that other children have not and the books she should not have read at her age: â€Å"The ’History of the Devil,’ by Daniel Defoe,—not quite the right book for a little girl,† said Mr. Ri ley† (20). This desire for knowledge does not go weaker when she is older. Every time she visits Tom at his teacher she is fascinated by everything he is being taught. And it is books she and Phillip talk about every time they meet. They discuss if the books are good or if they would like to be like the main characters: â€Å"Take back your Corinne,† said Maggie, drawing a book from under her shawl. â€Å"You were right in telling me she would do me no good; but you were wrong in thinking I should wish to be like her† (213). When she spends time with her cousin Lucy she starts to like music, but it is books and literature she loves the most: â€Å"The mere concord of octaves was a delight to Maggie, and she would often take up a book of studies rather than any melody, that she might taste more keenly by abstraction the more primitive sensation of intervals. Not that her enjoyment of music was of the kind that indicates a great specific talent; it was rather that her sensibility to the supreme excitement of music was only one form of that passionate sensibility which belonged to her whole nature† (257). Her love of books and literature and all art is really passionate and never ending. To sum up, the theme of love is present greatly in both novels – The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and The Mill on the Floss. Parental love in both these novels is selfless and caring, while the love of siblings differs. Helen is distant with her brother at the beginning, but then they become close. Their love is the kind of love which does not want anything in return. The love between Maggie and Tom goes through several stages. While Maggie’s love is sincere and stable, Tom’s love goes through the stage of coldness. But in the end he still loves his sister. Both heroines have two men they fall in love with in their lives, and even though they are totally different they both know what it means to love passionately. Also the love of art and literature differs. While Maggie’s love of art and literature is passionate as she is passionate about everything in her life, the love of literature and art is calmer for Helen. The theme of love is depicted a bit differently in these two novels but it is portrayed in a big aspect. Work cited Brontà «, Anne. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. N.p.: Pennsylvania State University, 2003. Print. Elliot, George. The Mill on the Floss. Vol. IX. N.p.: Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction, 2000. Print.

Can War Be Abolished? Theories and Causes of War

Can War Be Abolished? Theories and Causes of War CAN WAR BE ABOLISHED Introduction   According to the Clausewitz War is a mere continuation of the policy. So the question arises can the policy be abolished? Or is war inevitable? and we may find no simple answer to these questions. War is defined as a violent action in which one side i.e. State ‘A’ endeavours to impose its will on the other side i.e. State ‘B’ through the use of force. In modern times non state actors and terrorists are also seen inviting the wrath of a state or certain states coalition. There is no single agreed upon definition of war and no two wars are ever quite similar in opposing forces, objectives and gains. Before we dwell any further in an attempt to answer the aforesaid question it is deemed pertinent to analyse the theory of war and its root causes. Only then we shall be able to seek the true answer to our question whether the war can be abolished and if so under what conditions and circumstances. Theories of War War is a complex societal phenomena rather than unchangeable human nature. History of war is as old as the recorded history of mankind on this planet, but according to war analysts this does not make it law of nature. According to Clausewitz concept of Trinity, military component of nation is a non-rational actor and subjected to political leadership in whose domain lies the rational decision making process. After the introduction of Nuclear Weapons in WW II concept of warfare has been drastically altered. The enormous destructive power of this type of weapon, which can wipe out the human race from this planet, has set such a strong deterrence that many wars have been averted particularly among the nuclear weapon states. In Bernard Brodie’s words â€Å"from now on the chief purpose of army is not to fight wars but to avert them†. There are typically two broad theories categorised by the analysts to describe the phenomenon of war. a.  Normative Theory. It seeks to find out what the things ought to be. The ethics and morals and what is right and what is wrong. Is war justified and if so under what conditions wars can be fought. b.  Empirical Theory.  This theory deals with the historical evidence of the evolution of warfare. Circumstances leading to the on set of war, various techniques employed during the conduct of war and the reasons for the victory or defeat. Reasons for War There are number of different reasons for which wars are fought amongst the states. Kenneth N Waltz describes that in the domain of international relations the identification of level of analysis i.e. â€Å"individual, state or international system† is important. Apropos in this discourse state level shall be focused as the primary level of analysis to identify the reasons of war. Some of them are briefly described in succeeding paragraphs. a.  Territorial/Border Disputes. Most wars are fought between the two states due to territorial or border disputes. Soon after the rapid decolonization process which began in first half of 20th century, the nations were found contended with or settling down their geographical borders with their neighbours. Empirical evidence shows where this element is found missing the states tend to go to war to settle their disputes, which they are unable to resolve through other means particularly the negotiations. b.  Hegemonic Ambition.The great powers in pursuit of dominance on ground and at seas waged wars through out 19th and 20th century. However, in current times this aspect is diminishing due to economic concerns and effects of global trade and commerce. c.  Internal Balance. Some times the wars are fought due to internal political disturbance where elite or ruling party in order to preserve its power or hold over the state initiates violent use of force. This type of war is often characterised by onslaught of psychological warfare directed at enemy and home front. This type is very common in the modern times. d.  Leadership Aspects.The democratic form of governing a state is gaining popularity and autocracy is giving away. The wars fought in the past were particularly characterized by the desires and lust of power by the kings and princes. Many wars were fought due to personal orientation of the tyrannical leadership. However, democracies have been found of avoiding wars primarily due to economic concerns and well being of their people. e.  Weak State vs Strong State.Since the distribution of natural resources amongst various nation-states is not equal hence some times wars are fought by strong states against weaker states to gain access to their resources. Another dimension is a weak state waging war against a parity or strong state in the realm to settle the old scores. Most of these wars have been characterized by the precondition of ‘opportunity rather than necessity’ arising out of an internal disturbance/weak situation in other country. How War Can be Abolished Throughout centuries mankind has passed through a process of evolution so is the history of warfare. Through the course of history technology has also played its part in the evolution of warfare. After years of quest man was able to invent a weapon considered enough to destroy all the inventions; Nuclear weapons have since then altered the strategy of war particularly among nuclear states or their respective alliances. Deterrence concept had never been so well established as particularly during the cold war period, which averted successfully any war between USSR and USA and/or other NATO countries in Europe. This concept of deterrence has also worked well in establishing strategic stability in South Asia and has averted major wars between India vs Pakistan or India vs China; whose source of animosity particularly lies in border disputes and resolution of Kashmir issue. Apart from nuclear deterrence there could be other multifaceted aspects which can help to abolish war. Some of these aspects are briefly discussed in succeeding paragraphs. a.  Political System.People are generally peace loving and require welfare and freedom to go about their daily life as per their desires and socio-religious practices. A democratic form of government, which is by the people, of the people, and for the people greatly manifests the true aspirations of the masses. Apropos in last century the phenomena of decolonization and rise of democratic form of governments gained popularity. Empirical evidence exists that democracies don’t like to fight wars and tend to settle inter state disputes through talks. The political and diplomatic have thus proved effective in averting the impending wars. b.  Economic Interdependence.A major effect that globalization has ensued is economic interdependence. Natural and other resources are not equally spread thought the world. The general global peace after World War II has seen increased economic interdependence amongst the states. Thus mutual dependency is also being viewed as a reason for avoiding war amongst states. Europe has seen war for hundreds of years but European Union is a success story. The EU members states are required to fulfill two preconditions to become eligible, one to have democratic form of government and second to have no border disputes with their neighbouring states. c.  Economic Strength.Countries with strong economic power are able to exert their influence on other economically weak states to do their will, without going to war with that state. Countries like USA, China, Japan, Germany and Switzerland exercise their influence in respective areas of interest due their strong economies. d.  Strong Defence.Strong defence of a nation is manifested though it’s military power. It guarantees its sovereignty and keeps impending threats at bay and enemies under check. e.  Strong Alliance.Alliance of a group of states particularly with a super power has become a source of strength. It has minimized the chances of wars of opportunity against weaker states that have joined strong alliances e.g. NATO. f.  Role of MNC’s.Due to financial implications the Multinational Corporations (MNC’s) which are spread throughout the world irrespective of political boundaries exert their influence on states as war is detrimental to their business interests. Conclusion Abolishing the war is both desirable and possible despite human limitations. The cumulative effect of political, military and economic strength coupled with higher literacy rate, acquisition of advanced technologies and employment opportunities for the youth can act as strength of national power. Socio cultural affinity and religious freedom of the masses living in an allegiance within the political boundaries and respecting the same for those living across the borders makes a state stable and less prone to war. Apropos it can be concluded that principles of social justice and mutual coexistence are the hallmarks for attaining global peace. References: Kenneth waltz The Causes of War

Epistemological Turn in European Scientific Rationality :: Science Essays

Epistemological Turn in European Scientific Rationality ABSTRACT: If the 17th century could be considered the century of the reformation of science, the present century is one of counterreformation in every sense of the word. The ideology of this century can be seen in the titanic efforts to complete the development of science which foundation was laid in the 17th and 18th centuries, in the outright failures, and in attempts at reconstructing the foundation (e.g., Hilbert's formalization program, GÃ ¶del's incompleteness theorem, Charlier's theory of a hierarchic universe, Fridman's evolutionary cosmology, Newton's mechanics, relativistic and/or quantum mechanics in physics, the logical turn of the Vienna circle and epistemological anarchism in methodology). Our task is to reveal the essence of the turning points in 20th century science and to determine at least the general outlines, if not the cause, of the new type of rationality that is replacing the old one. I will focus on the history of cosmology, or rather on its three paradigms t hat have succeeded each other in this century: Newtonian, Fridmanian and the inflationary paradigms. By outlining the problem, I will pose a possible solution from clarifying changes in the value orientations, ideals and norms of scientific research to their possible generalization. If the 17th century could be considered the century of the reformation of science, the present century is one of counterreformation in every sense of the word. Ever since the turn of the century, the same ideology has been in existence: titanic efforts to complete the development of the science whose foundation was laid in the 17th and 18th centuries and outright failures followed by the reconstruction of the foundation. There are many exemples, some of them very striking: Hilbert's formalisation program and Godel's incompleteness theorem in mathematics, Charlier's theory of a hierarchic universe and Fridman's theory of the evolutionary universe in cosmology, Newton's mechanics and relativistic and quantum mechanics in physics, and finally, the logical program of the Vienna circle and epistemological anarchism in methodology. Our task is to reveal the essence of the turning points in 20th centuries science history and to try to determine at least the general outlines, if not the cause, of the new type of rationality that is succeeding (or has already succeeded) the old one. Needless to say, we are obviously unable to embrace all branches of knowledge ; therefore, we will confine ourselves to the history of cosmology, or rather to its three paradigms that successively prevailed in this century : Newtonian, Fridman's and inflationary.

A Walk towards Conservation: Waste will Never be the Answer :: Essays Papers

A Walk towards Conservation: Waste will Never be the Answer It was a hot summer Sunday morning, a little less than twelve years ago, when my family walked (though my sisters and I did this begrudgingly) home from church. When we finally reached our house, not but a mere five blocks away, we each had one thought on our minds, breakfast. While one of us emptied the dishwasher, and another began to set the table, the other would help my mom prepare the eggs. And as this almost habitual process unraveled, a large aluminum bowl, not far from the stove, would begin to fill with the remains and peels of uncooked fruits and vegetables, egg shells, and coffee grinds. And so this was the one last culminating and thoughtless chore. One lucky daughter had the fortunate honor of delivering the remnants of that aluminum bowl to the large, beautiful, and unidentifiable mound of composting materials in the backyard. And through the practicing of such behaviors as the recycling of such waste, being trained not to hold open the refrigerator door in such a sloth-like manner, and learning to turn off the lights, I suppose I have always cared for the environment. At a very young age I learned to recognize that even egg shells can be used for cultivating gardens and that waste is bad. I have my Birkenstocks, and listen to activism laden music, and debate global environmental issues with my wonderfully (and I don’t say this sarcastically) conservative roommate. But do I honestly actually do anything for the environment? Not really, which is what prompted me to intentionally use higher education as an opportunity to seek information, on the so called â€Å"environmental problems,† that ominously hover over our society. First semester, freshman year, I took EGEE 102, Energy Conservation for Environmental Protection. Under the sincere guidance of Professor Sarma Pisupati, I learned about methods of conserving energy through the use of energy efficient devices and appliances in the home (ranging anywhere from efficient lighting to my favorite, geothermal heat pumps, a wondrous source of clean and free energy). I learned that the production of energy through means of burning coal and oil release such greenhouse gasses as carbon dioxide.

Graduation Speech: We are Prepared for the Challenges that Await Us :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Today completes the chapter of our lives that we have been comfortable with for the past 13 years. High school may be over, but we still have a long exciting way to go in life. From our four-year experience we will take with us the memories, good and bad, and relationships we have made with each other and the County High School staff. From these experiences we have learned and grown and will continue to do so. Growing up and moving on will be a huge part of our lives in the next few months. The decisions we will make come in-part from the choices we have already made. The past four years have been fun and easy for some and a struggle for others. When I reflect on my high school experience, I think of watching football games, playing softball, homecoming weeks, school trips, parties and time with my friends. Others have spent their time in drama, band, community service, part-time jobs and all sorts of other activities. We have all watched Mr. LHS grow along with us until it became a big part of the high school year. I enjoyed laughing with and at the guys as they showed off their talents. This year’s homecoming football game was one of the most exciting ones we have had, with four quarters and three overtimes when we beat Jackson 48 to 42 for a homecoming victory. No matter what types of experiences we have had, I think they are important to remember and grow from. Through these fun and challenging times each one of us has built strong relationships. Whether it was with friends or a teacher, we have developed connections and memories that will be with us forever, even if we lose contact with those individuals. Some students have discovered they have a passion for writing through a creative writing class or want to have a career in business from taking Mr. Ide’s inspirational marketing classes. Others have participated in CLIP or summer school to catch up and make it possible for them to be here today. I went to Heights Elementary and have spent the last 12 years with the same group of people. Attending school with the people I’ve known since elementary and middle school, and making homecoming posters with them for four years in a row, has given me a chance to get to know the people around me better than I ever thought I would.

Factory Work Essay

In Deborah Boe’s â€Å"Factory Work† (n.d.) the author paints a picture of the monotonous and sometimes dangerous work that goes on in the life of a low income factory worker. The character remarks how the hot glue machine she works â€Å"ate† her shirt once, and how one of her co-workers used to have long hair until the machine â€Å"got† it. The character has been doing the same repetitive job over and over. Now she no longer needs to think about what she is doing and her mind wanders as she is working. While the character thinks that it isn’t bad in the factory, there is an overall sense of boredom and sadness with the life she leads. People from a low socioeconomic class such as the main character are often forced into dull monotonous jobs where they make enough money to survive but not to advance out of the system. As a result of her class, the character is willing to put up with the dangers, the lack of stimulation, and the threat of being lai d off because she is still bringing in a paycheck (Boe, n.d.). This poem reminds me of two monotonous jobs that I had right out of high school. Since I was just a teenager with no work experience and no marketable skills, I had very limited options in the jobs that I could get. The first job that I had was working part time as a tour guide at a pumpkin patch. I would sit on the hay wagon and collect the tickets of the passengers, and once we had enough people loaded the tractor would start up and take us around the farm. This is where the monotony would kick in. I had the speech so memorized that I could recite it perfectly several years after. I didn’t have to think about the words that were coming out of my mouth, I would just need to stand there and let the speech roll out. I think the cadence occupied more of my thoughts than the actual words. Even though the job was monotonous I still really enjoyed being outside and seeing people’s reactions to the farm. The second job I had that was monotonous was working fast food in the mall food court. This was my first real job working 8 hours a day 5 days a week. The quality of workforce they had can be gauged by the fact that the owner offered me a management position after my second day there. I spent hours and hours standing behind a hot grill, dropping meat and vegetables on as the order was called over the loud speaker. While this job required as much thought as the pumpkin patch did, here I felt like I was trapped inside my mind as I worked. At the pumpkin patch I could enjoy the sunshine, but in the mall you have very little understanding of what is going on outside. The sun could be shining, it could be raining, and it might be daytime or night time. In the mall you learn not to say good morning or afternoon because you’re never really that sure of the time. Your internal clock loses all perspective in the fake lighting. I would take working outside in real light any time. I can associate with the character in â€Å"Factory Work† (Boe, n.d.) because my socioeconomic class trapped me in a monotonous job.

Graduating from High School Essay

Most grade-schoolers dream about the day they will walk across the stage on beginning day and receive their diplomas. They are under the impression they will be free from all work in their life, and be able to finally live. A person graduating from high school can take many directions in life; most graduates also go to dorm at college, travel to college, or start working. First, many graduates run from their parents and desire to go to college as far away from home as possible. When students move away, they get their first feel of living away from home. Which brings everyday jobs like Cooking, cleaning, and doing laundry are a few examples of how college students have to learn to give for themselves. Also, earning a college degree gives a person greater earning like the ability to work in the field of their choice. Going away to college can be a wonderful time for a person to grown-up and start their adult life. Another decision a person may choose after graduating high school is commute to a college. Traveling is not a possibility for everyone graduating high school because of location, but can be a great chance for those who are in drivable distance to a college. Living with parents and driving to college can save college student money because they do not have to pay to dorm. Staying with parents means mom is still around to give home cooked meals and life does not change from high school. Commuting to college can be a great way to save money, while still earning a college degree. Last, many high school students decide not to go to a college and join the work force right after high school. This means they will not be able to pay back expensive school loans and will be able to have more financial freedom in the short term. A person joining the work has the ability to stay in touch with friends in the area they live in and a few years after graduating or find their own place to reside. Joining the work force out of high school is a great option for some people who choose to do so but is not the best plan for those who want to more education. A person’s decision about what they will do after high school, weather it is going away to college, commuting to college or joining the work force, will affect them the rest of their life. A lot of thought and prayer should go into any decision, especially those which will affect a person for the rest of their life. In the end, if a person they believe God wants them to does it will end up the way God wants it.

ISIS Case Study Essay

ISIS is a terrorist group that has brought much drama and fright to many of late. ISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. They had actually begun as an al Qaeda splinter group. The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. It’s mainly known for killing dozens of people at a time and carrying out public executions, crucifixions and other acts. The group controls hundreds of square miles. It ignores the international borders and has a presence from Syria’s Mediterranean coast to south of Baghdad. ISIS rules by Sharia Law, the custom-based body of law based on the Koran and the religion of Islam. The leader of ISIS is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. There is not much known about him pertaining to where he is from, but he earned a doctorate in Islamic studies from a university in Baghdad. Al-Baghdadi was detained for four years in Camp Bucca, a U.S. run prison in southern Iraq. He was captured and imprisoned in 2005, which means he was released in 2009. After ISIS declared the creation of the so-called â€Å"Islamic State,† he began to go by the name Al-Khalifah Ibrahim. Now, all of his followers no longer call him by Al-Baghdadi. A big reason why Americans are becoming worried about ISIS is that ISIS currently has about 300 members/militants with U.S. passports. Washington D.C. officials fear that American ISIS fighters will travel home and use their terror training to launch horrific attacks at either a single or multiple locations in the United States. I believe this is a major problem. My view on ISIS is that we need to put a force on them and treat them as we treated al Qaeda. Yes, it may not be right to say that we should send the marines and army out to Middle East again, but it is necessary in order to keep the United States safe. ISIS’ plans are to destroy people in their way, and there are a few things stopping them from taking over the Middle East. One of the things stopping them is the United States. ISIS instilled fear on everyone in the country when they released videos of their executions on prisoners. The executions varied from chopping off heads to crucifixions. That only leads you to believe what sick-minded things they have planned if they ever want to attack the United States. I believe it is only right if we go into total protection mode. Not one person in this world wants to see another tragedy like September 11th to happen again except for the terrorist lingering around the world. ISIS has made themselves well known to the world. It has put the world on watch, and has everyone preparing themselves for protection and possibly war.

How Do Stevenson And Golding Reveal The Characters Of Edward Hyde And Roger In their Texts? Essay

In Golding’s ‘Lord of The Flies’ and Stevenson’s ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ there are main characters of evil, Hyde and Roger. Their characters are revealed skilfully in the texts by the authors. Their characters are uncovered though various characteristics such as their names, where they live, their description and their actions and crimes. ‘Hyde’ from ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ has an extraordinary name; it is a metaphor of ‘Hide’, this is used because after he has committed his crimes he is very sly and runs from the police back to his derelict house and turns back to Jekyll for example, when Hyde slayed Carew. Roger’s name means spear; this could imply that he has more to him than first thought, for example, a spear is used in the hunt for killing, Roger enjoys the hunt of the sow and has merciless pleasure in the killing. The places Roger and Hyde live, illustrate certain things about them, Hyde for example lives in a house that could be conveyed as anything but homely; it is described as ‘a certain sinister block of building thrust forward in its gable on the street’, this suggests something different about Hyde, perhaps that he too is distinctive from the crowd. Descriptive imagery of him shows ‘something wrong’ about him, his house is used as a metaphor for him, he and his house share distinct features of deformity and neglect ‘in every feature bore the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence’ and him a ‘strong feeling of deformity’. Hyde’s outward appearance is also compared to that of an animal, possibly suggesting that he is not entirely human. Roger’s settlement is also used as an interpretation of Roger, he stays at first with the whole group on the beach, but throughout the novel as the boys break up, he follows Jack and moves up to ‘Castle Rock’, he uses Castle rock as a type of fort, unlike Hyde the place where Rodger stays is the place he commits his worst crime, the murder of Piggy. Roger’s first examples of aggressiveness could at first be conveyed as horrible childish pranks or games, when he starts off by throwing stones at the ‘littluns’, he first aims to miss because he is still held by the thought of civilisation, its rules and the punishment he would receive at home. As the thought of civilisation dies away and Roger realises that his immoral behaviour does not need to be suppressed, as there is no one on the island that can enforce punishment. Roger and Maurice antagonize the ‘littluns’ by walking over and destroying their Sandcastles, ‘led the way through the sandcastles, kicking them over, burying the flowers, scattering the chosen rocks’. By chapter 10 Roger’s ‘childish games’ are so savage and evil, that his cruel instincts kill Piggy, ‘with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all of his weight on the lever†¦.The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from the chin to the knee’. Hyde is exposed to the reader as evil from the very first encounter with him in the book. He tramples over an innocent young girl and after does not seem to show any remorse for his actions. Although Hyde represents evil throughout the book, his wickedness increases somewhat to cause death, he kills ‘Sir Danvers Carew’; he and Sir Danvers are in midst of a conversation when Hyde appears to dislike something that is said, he then flies into a rage and clubs Carew to death. Throughout the novel Roger is progressively revealed as more and more evil, he begins to intentionally hurt the other boys. Roger represents pure evil; he is a sadist and causes pain and hurt for fun. Roger has no mercy; he gets sadistic pleasure by inflicting pain, for example the torture of the pig and of the other boys on the island. Hyde also represents pure evil; his trampling of the girl and the killing of ‘Sir Danvers Carew’ is for no apparent reason, Hyde kills because ‘Carew’ is a wholly good character, because of this Hyde feels the need to harm him. The way Stevenson and Golding reveal the characters of Hyde and Roger in the texts, is very important in establishing what the characters are truly like. Hyde represents evil from the moment he is presented to the reader, unlike Roger who begins in the novel a very introverted boy, he gradually discovers a malevolent side of himself; one that was not able to surface in a civilised world with all of its restraint and punishments.

Economic Costs and Benefits of Introducing Minimum Wage in a Essay

Economic Costs and Benefits of Introducing Minimum Wage in a Competitive Labour Market - Essay Example Given that the parents are well educated, it is also expected that their children with have the equal opportunity for a good education. Aside from biological and cultural factors, industrialization has been pointed as the main cause of inequality which started between the agriculture and the industrial sectors. Industrialization can lead to a lesser demand for human resources. Therefore, increase in competition among the workers is possible. In line with this, the unequal resources such as the access to education between the rich and the less fortunate people resulted to a wider gap on the distribution of wealth between the two sectors of the society. Using the law of supply and demand, this study will examine the economic costs and benefits of introducing minimum wage within a competitive labor market. Eventually, whether or not there will be any changes in the economic cost and benefit analysis will be answered given that the only employer within the labor market is the monopsony. Minimum wage is referring to the minimum hourly, daily, or monthly wage wherein employers are required to pay the workers in exchange for their service. Specifically, in the UK, the minimum wage is  £5.93 per hour (BBC News 2010). Normally, the government implements the minimum wage law in order to protect the socio-economic welfare of the workers from abusive employers. As a result of implementing a minimum wage law, workers could enjoy the benefit of improving their standard of living by actually removing poverty from the lives of the people (Daniel 2010; Filion 2009). Since employed individuals will be able to receive a minimum wage, these people will be able to enjoy the benefit of spending more money on purchasing their preferred basic commodities which are necessary in order to stimulate the national and international economic growth (Daniel 2010).  

Personal interview with a training manager Essay

Personal interview with a training manager - Essay Example When asked who was trained in the organization the respondent argued that that is determined by random selection from the training dates depending on the business unit. Additionally, he also argued that for some training, people are snowballed and selected through the manager’s preference. However, the training participants are required to impart the knowledge of what they have acquired in such sessions to those who did not participate. The organization refers to this as the informational networking. The training process entailed the performance manager and the training manager’s active participation in determining the training calendar for the organization. Afterward, the participants are selected. However, room for modification is maintained due to the possible emergence of better training opportunities within an organization. Training improves organizational efficiency through the fostering of innovation. Training has been noted to have an eye-opening effect on the employees. It also assists the organization in staying updated and using the most recent tools and technologies available. The employee development process causes increased efficiency and improved productivity hence offsetting the training costs incurred by the organization (McConnell, 2003). According to the respondent, training is a business

Protest Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Protest Movements - Essay Example People usually relate protests with a lot of negativity, however, protest movement is a form of negotiation tactic that most people adapt to air out their views and makes their voices be heard. The most frequently used protest tactics during protest movements are strikes and mass demonstrations, and most states allow individuals to demonstrate more so they encourage peaceful demonstration as opposed to chaotic protests. The street protest participants should not involve themselves in activities like looting, steal, of commit other forms of crime. Peaceful demonstrations are in most cases successful. In most cases, inequality and discrimination in the society are some of the leading factors that trigger protest movements. Protest movements are very useful in the society and they enable people to talk about their feelings and address issues affecting them. However, protest movements can as well be very destructive especially chaotic demonstrations and interfere with the wellbeing of in dividuals in the society. Today, many states offer individuals with the freedom to protest or engage in protest movements as a way of sharing their views and feeling on certain issues affecting them and the society at large. Truly, freedom of expression is a constitutional right of every one in many nations today. This includes freedom of protest and demonstration among other social movements. For instance, In the United States, individuals’ right to free speech is outlined in the First Amendment of the US Constitution and so every American has the freedom to protest but without arms. Apart from being a constitutional right, protests are like democracy in action. In democratic nations, citizens have a right to share their opinions peacefully without any chaos involved. They are free to protest on different issues including unemployment and some government policies among others. Democracy does not only involving casting votes but also

Budgetary control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budgetary control - Essay Example Therefore, the primary function of budgetary control is provide a benchmark for making continuous comparison of the budgeted activity with the actual performance to ensure that the budgeted results are achieved or an appropriate action is taken when there are deviations in performance. This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of budgetary control to a business (Libby & Lindsay, 2010). One of the most important strengths of budget control is that it is based on numerical data from the financial statements and existing budgets of the company (Van der Stede, 2001). Therefore, this ensures there is consistent with decision making by following trends and previous periods performance. Moreover, in event that the data used in establishing the budgets is correct, managers will be able to make sound decisions for their units, which will eventually, translate to better performance of the business as a whole (Frow, Marginson & Ogden, 2010). That notwithstanding, budgetary control is based on budgets that are time bound. Budgets are usually prepared for a given financial period. Therefore, they enable managers to monitor actual performance by comparing it continuously with budgeted results for that period (Montana and Charnov, 2000). For instance, the production manager can compare the sales units quarterly with the production units to determine if there are deviations in terms of sales units and units produced so that an appropriate action is taken (Dunk, 2011). If for example, the production manager realizes that the units produced are much more than the demanded units, he/she can take action by reducing the units produced and noting the necessary adjustment to be made in the product budget. Therefore, this provides a benchmark for determining the validity of the numerical data and reports used in the preparation of the budgets for the purpose of budgetary

Love Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love - Article Example Based on the new ability to scan the brain, researchers have developed new theories about language acquisition that focus on â€Å"critical windows of learning† (Wasserman, 2007). This theory that emphasizes critical windows of learning states that children’s brains can learn certain skills, such as language, only during short windows of time. Once the window has closed, the child cannot learn that skill. Wasserman argues that educators must embrace this new research in order to address the needs of at-risk students. Though Wasserman acknowledges that this research is still being debated, she believes that educators should use the theory just as educators in the past used the research of Piaget, Skinner, and others before it was officially accepted. Classroom accommodations that Wasserman emphasizes are using neuroscience to identify at-risk students. Once a brain scan identifies a student, the educator should use the critical windows of learning to identify what the child has learned and is capable of learning. Additionally, she calls for educators to use brain-based research to change the way they teach. In her words, â€Å"Sequential knowledge is harder for the brain to process. Nonlinear learning in bits and pieces is easier for the brain to process† (Wasserman, 2007). Public education classrooms focus entirely on sitting in a desk and learning knowledge sequentially. Educators should adopt teaching that allows for nonlinear learning. In other words, the classroom that Wasserman envisions does not have students all sitting quietly at a desk listening to the teacher. Instead, it is a classroom that is full of energy where students are learning and discovering as their brains lead them. Wasserman’s article covered the basics of brain-based research in a method and language that was easy to understand. Since the audience is public educators, language that is too complex would be detrimental to her purpose as an educator would not read

Research proposal and outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research proposal and outline - Essay Example Her actions and physical features and traits are antithesis for the low regard accorded her and seems to be purposely taken cared of to spite her husband for his utter disregard for her existence. The unfair and unequal treatment for women during that time is an interesting topic given that the tragic outcome of the novel could be interpreted as a consequence of Curley’s wife needing to be acknowledged and respected as a productive member of society. Since she felt disregarded and neglected, she opted to find ways and means to solicit positive response from men through deliberately flirting with them, dressing provocatively, and seeking attention and acquaintances from men whose perceived status in society equal hers. The main research to be explored is the status of women in America in the 1930s. A wealth of secondary references could verify, support and validate the contentions of comparative similarities with those depicted by Curley’s wife in the novel. Various feminist movements, whose enlightenment on inequality issues which started in the 1920s could be researched as a theoretical framework to rationalize Curley’s wife’s actions. In this regard, possible sub-questions that can be further researched are: (1) what are the significant effects of oppression in women during the period under study? (2) What have women done to enforce rights and equality to fare on parallel grounds with men? (3) Have significant changes in women’s role brought more benefits to society in contemporary times? Some preliminary ideas about the types of sources one proposed to use to gather information would be from history books, journals and academic published reports written by historians and academicians. The electronic sources are replete with authoritative references that could support arguments and validate conclusions, as required. The

The Organization of African Unity Now known as African Union Research Paper

The Organization of African Unity Now known as African Union - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The organizational set up, responsibilities and social services provided by the African Union proves to be successful within the scenario of social work in Africa (special references to the social services provided by African Union in Africa and its involvement in current issues). African Union: Organizational set up   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, almost all the African nations have membership in African Union (AU). For instance, excluding Morocco, present strength of African Union is 53. African Union, a social work organization for creating unity among the African nations was established in the year 2002. Besides, Organisation of Africa Unity (AOU) was the mother organization of AU. Okoth (2006) opines that â€Å"Some of the guiding principles of the AU are similar to those of its predecessor, the OAU† (p. 325). The organizational set up of AU is based on centralization and concentration of power which is fully vested in the center but with equal power to the member states. For instance, the decision making force of AU is the Assembly of the African Union. Badejo (2008) states that â€Å"The AU carries out its business through many organs, agencies, and non-governmental organizations† (p. 39). The secretariat (say, African Union Commission) of AU is in Addis Ababa, which is situated in Ethiopia.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The AU is divided into two bodies: political and administrative.  Ã‚   As pointed out, the decision making process is principally vested upon the Assembly, which consists of members/representatives from member states. The present chairman is Bingu wa Mutharika, who represents Malawi. Besides, the representative body of AU, namely Pan African Parliament includes 265 members. Idriss Ndele Moussa is the present president of Pan African Parliament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Executive Council’s duty within AU includes the preparation of decisions to be taken by the Assembly. Besides, the Execu tive Council is an important political institution within the AU. The Permanent Representatives Committee, another political institution includes the ambassadors of member states within AU. The Economic, Social, and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC), a consultative body, is under AU. Moreover, the AU Commission, the secretariat or political head is presently chaired by Jean Ping.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The African Union Commission is the most important administrative wing within AU. The other administrative bodies of AU include African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (to resolve human rights issues among the member states), and New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) (aiming to accelerate development of the member states). The Pan-African Parliament is another important governing body which accelerates the smooth functioning of AU as an influential organization. So, one can easily identify that the AU follows the centralized mode of power division. But this centralization of power does not limit the power of the member states because decision making power is solely vested upon the Assembly, which consists of member states. In short, the centralization of power within a single authority and the decision making power vested upon the assembly proves that the same is the best possible way that can be adopted by any social

Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Essay Example for Free

Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Essay Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Introduction Barkow, (1978) defined social norms as behaviours that the society expects from its habits. Therefore, when people demonstrate these social norms in the public, the society observes them with satisfaction and acceptance. Consequently, when the social norms are violated or confused, people react strangely or become annoyed. For the social norm violation assignment, I had a pool of ideas, walking on the wrong side of the footpath, reading in the elevator, eating sloppily and so on. However, my desire was to violate a norm that will make me act in the most casual way. However, for this assignment, I decided to violate the social norm of entering into people’s apartment without seeking their welcome or without knocking at their doors. Typically, in my society people knock at the door and waits patiently for a response from the owners of the apartment. Ideally, one will wait until someone responds â€Å"come inn† before stepping inside the apartment. Therefore, I made up my mind and entered the apartment without knocking. Besides, I decided to act comfortably like the residents or tenants of the apartments that I could make myself at home. So, to make sure that I could not be accused of trespass or entering someone’s home as a stranger, I decided to ask my friend Daniel to keep me company. Previously, I had visited his apartment on one occasion with another classmate for a dinner. At this moment, it was obvious that I was not a frequent visitor of the apartment to comfortably feel at home or walk in without knocking at the door. When I decided to implement my experiment for the anthropology class, I decided to take to his apartment. As I approached his door, I was a little bit shaken of what will transpire once I was in the house. Furthermore, his blinds were shut and, therefore, it was difficult to predict whether he was at home or I would find Sam, his friend whom they stay with. After a standstill outside on the door for a couple of minutes, I managed to summon adequate courage and finally entered.My experience when I entered was astonishing. Immediately after I stepped inside the house, the room went on a silent mode. It seemed that his family members were in the middle of delicate or confidential information and had no signs of continuing in my intruding or presence. I had kept for a couple of seconds before I inquired if Daniel was home. Luckily, he was in the backyard sorting some staff. One of his family members rushed to get him as I remained seated with the rest of his family members. Notably, they still wore a shocking look on their faces because I kept myself at home by comfortably getting seated on the pew. Honestly, they appeared quite annoyed as I could observe from the experience reflection point of view (Holy Stuchlik, 2006). When Daniel approached, I had already prepared a question to ask him and depart the awkward apartment. Throughout the experiment, my experience remained awkward, and I remained ashamed of my act. In truth, I was idealess that violation of such a small societal norm of knocking before entering to one’s apartment could severely upset people or the inhabitants. However, I was confident because my friend Daniel was well aware of my intentions. Later in the evening, I called him and requested him to explain to his family members that it was a course experiment for my university studies. I hope he explained the situation to and the information for this assignment to his family members so that my reputation can be rehabilitated in their minds and salvaged.At the end of the experiment, I realized that people get terribly annoyed, confused and even show their anger if you enter their apartment without their knowledge, a sentiment equally observed by Hamnett, (2007). Even though I felt weird breaking the social norm, I concluded that my weird feelings represented all that was happening t han the specific act of violating the norm. I have to confess that it was not enjoyable at first, but it did assist me realize how people in my society value the protection of their social norms. It is something I would never attempt to do by choice, and if I spot someone doing the act, I will feel so weird and disappointed in him or her. Conclusion It is comparative to mention that the experience of violating the social norm through entering into Daniel’s apartment without knocking was uncomfortable and embarrassing. However, I enjoyed the experience after the family members of the apartment salvaged my reputation. When I went back on a normal visit, we revisited our experiences with lots of fun. Honestly, I later learned that the experiment was enjoyable. It is interesting norm in my society that is well safeguarded for ethical purposes in the society. Overall, it was a virtuous experience, planning it made me anxious and nervous but once I implemented it I gained the experience. References Barkow, J. H. (January 01, 1978). Social norms, the self, and sociobiology: Building on the ideas of A. I. Hallowell. Current Anthropology.Hamnett, I. (2007). Social anthropology and law. London: Academic Press. Holy, L., Stuchlik, M. (January 01, 2006). Anthropological data and social reality. Anthropology in Theory : Issues in Epistemology. Source document

Personal Ethics Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Ethics Statement Essay Ethics is a branch of philosophy, which address various issues that regards to morality and the general human behavior in society (Vendemiati 2004). Ethics identifies whether something is good or bad, ignoble or noble, just or unjust, or whether acts of people should be classified as being vices or virtues. Being ethical entails a number of integrated moral aspects that revolves around the common moral law of doing good and avoiding what is evil. Personal Ethics Statement Based on my personal experience and learned life lessons, being ethical means having the correct moral standards and practices that guide ones behaviors and the actions taken in life thus making one to be able to constantly do what is right and avoid evil. Being ethical therefore means having the right thought, always being positive in life, and ensuring that one has the right attitude that would guide in ensuring that immoral behaviors that could harm other people’s lives either directly or indirectly are avoided at all cost. Ethics also involve individuals being able to accept the wrong things they do and be willing to change for the better. Being ethical, according to me, therefore involve being morally upright, having the morally accepted life values, and having the desire to serve other people through ones best use of mind, body, and spirit without being coerced to do so. Based on my life experience and the studies that I have previously conducted, I have come to learn that though religion is a vital aspect of the common moral law, being ethical involves more that being good to oneself. The life experience has also made me to understand the fact that ethics involves being in a position to be submissive to the higher authority and ensuring that one avoids doing what is immoral. The fact that people who do not harm other people physically, morally, or socially get to be appreciated and loved by others elaborates what being ethical really means – being good (Mackie 1990). Previously, I have been making ethical decisions based on the teachings I have received from my parents and teachers and through copying the positive aspects of my friends and other people around me. I have always strived to ensure that the decisions I make in life do not contravene the common moral law and other governing rules and regulations in society. This involves being just and ensuring that I make decisions that would have a long term benefits and enhance the common good of all humanity. My core believes and values are that all people are equal and that we all deserve to be treated equally by being accorded the respect we deserve as human beings. I also strongly believe that the decisions we make in life should constantly be guided by the common moral law of doing good and avoiding evil rather than our self interest. Since I always strive to ensure that I accord other people fair treatment and mutual respect, I always expect to receive similar fair treatment and to be appreciated for the good things I do. Furthermore, I do not expect favors from other people but rather expect to be corrected whenever I do wrong. For instance, whenever I do favor to other people such as giving them medication when they fall seek, I always expect to be thanked and not to be given a token in return. This is illustrated by the fact that whenever my neighbors and friends are in need of food or tuition fees, I have always strived to ensure that I share with them the food I have or help them get the money, if I can, and I do not demand repayment to be made. Conclusion According to Mackie (1990), ethical standards are crucial in reinforcing the practice of the morally upright behaviors and acts in society. Courage is important for people to constantly act in an ethical way. Good personal and interpersonal leadership and management skills help individuals to make morally upright decisions without thinking of one’s self interest. For instance, treating customers with respect and wide acceptance improve business performance. References Vendemiati, A. (2004). In First Person, The outline of Ethics, The general perspective, Rome, The Urbaniana, The University Press. Mackie, L. J. (1990). Ethics: The Invention of the Wrong and the Right. London, Penguin. ISBN: 0-14-013558-8.

What Are The Uses Of Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Biology Essay

What Are The Uses Of Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Biology Essay Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride (RS)-benzyl(2-chloroethyl)1-methyl-2-phenoxyethylamine hydrochloride is a alpha-adrenoceptor blocker that covalently binds and irreversibly inhibits the activity of alpha-1 alpha -2 adrenoceptors.3,4 Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride is mainly used to treat episodes of high blood pressure and sweating related to phaeochromocytoma. Phaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumour of the adrenal medulla. Patients with phaeochromocytoma are usually hypertensive and suffer headache, palpitations, and excessive sweating.3 However it is rarely prescribed due to it unfavourable side effects. One of the side effects of Phenoxybenzamine is that block the ejaculation. Also some studies are under investigation to use Phenoxybenzamine as male contraceptive pills.11 , HCl Fig. 01 Molecular structure of (RS)-N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride is white, odourless, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and propylene glycol; and insoluble in diethyl ether. Neutral and alkaline solutions are unstable; sensitive to oxidation and photo degradation.6,7,8 Molecular Weight9: 303.82638 [g/mol] Molecular Formula : C18H22ClNO MonoIsotopic Mass9: 303.138992 CAS-No. : 63-92-3 The stability studies for Phenoxybenzamine injection concentrate were carried out by Zeta Analytical Ltd. for their Clients. Also analytical method for related substance of Phenoxybenzamine Injection has been validated by them. During the stability studies, it has been found that some stability batches contain more than 0.1% of unknown impurities. Already there are three identified, process related impurities were reported in their clients analytical methods.10 Those three impurities A, B, and C are reported as shown below. 1. Impurity A: N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-phenoxypropan-1-amine Fig. 02 Molecular structure of N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2- phenoxy-propan-1-amine 2. Impurity B: N-benzyl-N-(2, hydroxyethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine Fig. 03 Molecular structure of N-benzyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine 3. Impurity C: N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine Fig. 04 Molecular structure a of N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine According to the International Conference on Harmonization1,2 (ICH) guidelines any component of a pharmaceutical product which is not the chemical entity of active substance or excipients, present at levels higher than 0.1% or 1 mg/day intake (whichever is lower) for a maximum daily dose of 2 g/day or less, need to be identified and qualified with appropriate toxicological studies. For a daily dose of greater than 2 g of drug substance, the identification threshold is 0.05%.1 ,2 Also British (BP), European (EP) and United states (USP) pharmacopeia texts refers the ICH criteria on impurity profiling for new drug substance and new drug products.5,6,7 Hyphenated techniques such as LC-MS and LC-NMR methods as an effective tool for characterization of impurities and degradation products in drug molecules. Therefore, Zeta Analytical proposed this project to perform LC-MS analysis on Phenoxybenzamine injection for structural elucidation of unknown impurity. This project involved method transferring (Tech transfer) from Zeta to Kingston University and developing a LC-MS compatible chromatographic method structural identifications of unknown impurity. Literature Study: There are no chromatographic methods have been reported in the literature describing the analysis of Phenoxybenzamine and its related substances using UV detection. The chromatographic Conditions mentioned in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) monograph7 (refer Appendix) and Zetas method quiet similar apart from the detection wavelength, which is 268nm for USP and 220 nm for Zeta. Both methods are not compatible for LC/MS analysis. Because phosphate buffer is a one component that mobile phase consist in both methods. There are no reports available on the investigation using LC/MS/MS and isolation of related substances in Phenoxybenzamine active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). However, in order to analyse the sample in LC/MS and to get better chromatographic resolution the method has been modified for use in the present investigation. A synthesis route of Phenoxybenzamine has been mentioned in Vardanyan and Hruby,18 and slightly different route of synthesis for phenoxybenzaime related amines has been reported in Giardink et al.13 EXPERIMENTAL Material and Methods Chemicals used (all anal. Grade )were: Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride ( Sigma- Aldrich) , Impurity B (PBA) from med alchemy S.L Spain, HPLC grade Acetonitrile (Sigma- Aldrich), Potassium phosphate dibasic, Potassium phosphate monobasic, Ammonium formate, Ammonium Hydroxide, MilliQ grade water Samples Phenoxybenzamine injection concentrate ; Each 2 ml ampoule contains 100 mg Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride BP and excipients are absolute ethyl alcohol, hydrochloric acid AR and propylene glycol. Sample Preparation for HPLC and LC-MS Whole contents of ampoule was transferred to a 100mL volumetric flask and dissolved with 30 mL of acetonitrile. Then it was shacked for few minutes to mix well and added more acetonitrile to volume up the level of volumetric flask. HPLC analysis at Zeta Analytical Ltd. HPLC analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 7.5 20mM Phosphate buffer (Dissolved 2.4g of K2HPO4 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 7.5 with KH2PO4) : Acetonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode ) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . HPLC system used at Zeta analytical Ltd : Pump , Auto sampler ,UV detector and thermostat are Agilent 1100 series with Agilent Chemstation for LC data system. HPLC analysis at School of chemistry and pharmacy, Kingston University: HPLC analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 7.5 20mM Phosphate buffer (Dissolved 2.4g of K2HPO4 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 7.5 with KH2PO4) : Acetonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode ) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . HPLC system used at Kingston University: Pump , Auto sampler ,UV-VIS detector and thermostat are Perkin Elmer series 200 with Totalchrom v6.2 software. LC- MS analysis at School of chemistry and pharmacy, Kingston University: LC-MS analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 8.3 20mM Ammonium formate buffer (Dissolved 1.3g of NH4HCO2 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 8.3 with NH4OH) : Aceotonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . LC system : Pump , Auto sampler ,UV-VIS detector and thermostat are Perkin Elmer series 200 with Totalchrom v6.2 data system. Mass detetectors used : Two different mass detectors were employed : Waters Micromass LCT ESI-TOF-MS system with Mass Lynx 4.1 software Thermo TSQ Quantum Access system ( MSMS ) with Thermo Excalibur software RESULTS AND DICUSSION HPLC Analysis at Zeta Analytical Ltd. Initially the sample was analyzed in Agilent HPLC in Zeta Analytical Ltd. Based on the Zetas Analytical Method validation report for the related substance of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injection, the three identified impurities and one unidentified impurity were confirmed. Below the fig.05 (Appendix A-1) shows the peaks of Phenoxybenzamine and its impurities and the table 01 shows the retention time of those peaks. Fig. 05 HPLC chromatograms of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injections Table 01: Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (zeta) Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.2 Impurity B 7.3 Unidentified Impurity 8.6 Impurity A 18.2 Phenoxybenzamine 19.6 HPLC Analysis at Kingston University: (Method Transfer) The above results obtained at zeta were replicated again with Perkin-Elmer HPLC system in Kingston University. Same chromatographic condition was employed with same Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm column . The fig.06 below show chromatogram of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injection analysis repeated at Kingston University(Appendix A-2). The peaks were interested and its retention times are shown in the table 02 below. Fig.06 HPLC chromatogram of Phenoxybenzamine HCl Injection (Kingston) Table 02. Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (Kingston) Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.0 Impurity B 7.0 Unidentified Impurity 8.4 Impurity A 17.9 Phenoxybenzamine 19.5 LC-MS Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine Injection Concentrate: Phosphate buffers are not compatible for LC-MS due to their non volatile nature. Since it was necessary to replace the phosphate buffer to a volatile buffer. Mean while the chromatographic development should not be changed. The ammonium formate buffers are widely used in LC-MS analytical methods and has buffering pH range (8.2-10.2) close to the previous phosphate buffers used which is pH 7.5 . 20mM ammonium phosphate buffer was prepared adjusted the pH to 8.3. The HPLC analysis previously performed was repeated with mobile phase of Ammonium formate buffer : Acetonitrile =30: 70 instead of mobile phase of phosphate buffer : Acetonitrile = 30:70 . The isolation of peaks and the resolution obtained in previous analysis was replicated. Fig. 07 Show the HPLC chromatogram of replicated results with Ammonium formate buffer and the table 03 show retention time and its corresponding peaks. Fig.07 HPLC chromatogram of PBA Injection Sample ( Modified Mobile phase for LC-MS analysis) Table 03: Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (Ammonium formate as buffer)The samples were run on HPLC several times and constant chromatographic development was observed. Hence the sample fractions of unknown impurity was collected several time during HPLC run for LC-MS (accurate mass measurement) and LC-MS/MS (selective ion monitoring) analysis. Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.3 Impurity B 7.3 Unidentified Impurity 8.7 Impurity A 18.5 Phenoxybenzamine 19.8 Accurate mass measurement with Time of Flight (ToF) mass detector Feasibility of TOF mass detectors has made it to be used widely for measurement of accurate mass. Several unknown impurity sample fractions were analyzed for the accurate mass measurement on Waters micromass LCT ESI TOF-MS and obtained the average of the accurate mass value of unknown impurity. Ionization technique is Electron spray Ionization and mass analyzer is Time of Flight analyzer in this instrument. Results were taken on positive mode ( M + H + ). Hence mass of one proton must be deducted from the spectral mass value to obtain the exact mass value of unknown compound. H1 mass is considered to be 1.007 Da in the calculation below. Table 03: m/z value of Peaks observed its corresponding calculated monoisotopic mass M + H + / Da Mass of Unknown Compound / Da 344.215 343.208 344.216 343.209 344.216 343.209 344.219 343.212 344.211 343.204 344.209 343.202 344.215 343.208 344.214 343.207 344.215 343.208 344.213 343.206 344.215 343.208 344.22 343.213 344.213 343.206 344.221 343.214 344.223 343.216 The average molecular weight and standard deviation of results are found to be 343.2086667 and 0.003754363 respectively. Above results were subjected to statistical evaluation using Microsoft excel spread sheet. At 99% confidence level the molecular weight of the unknown impurity is found to be 343.2086667 0.002497. Determination of Elemental Composition of unknown impurity. Using Mass Lynx 4.1 MS data management software possible elemental composition was obtained for the molecular weight of 343.209 with 200.0 mDa tolerance . It was able to exclude a large amount elemental composition to narrow findings. That is elimination of Chlorine in the composition . Because the mass spectrum of unknown impurity does not show the isotopic pattern for chlorine. i.e. When one Chlorine atom is present in a molecule, that will show a n/n+2 ratio of 100/32.4 (35Cl/37Cl ratio of 100/32.4). 15,16 Hence only C,H,N and O elements were limited on search. Still hundreds of composition are left to be examined to find correct elemental composition . The second exclusion that is Nitrogen rule14 which was used to eliminate many of those composition. Since the unknown impurity molecular weight is odd number, we can eliminate all the composition with the even number of nitrogen in list. The following table shows considerable elemental composition left after above two exclusions . Table 04. Possible elemental composition and its Monoisotopic mass Elemental Composition Calculated Monoisotopic mass C12H25N9O3 343.2080 C16H29N3O5 343.2107 C23H25N3 343.2048 C21H29NO3 343.2147 C12H29N3O8 343.1955 C15H29N5O4 343.2220 C24H25NO 343.1936 The monoisotopic mass of main active compound is 303.14 and it contains 18 carbon on that molecule. Unknown impurity has the monoisotopic mass value 40 amu higher than the active compound. Therfore if it is been assumed that unknown impurity has more than 18 carbon on its molecule, only two elemental composition would be remained. i.e. C23H25N3 (343.2048) and C24H25NO (343.1936). LC -MS/MS (Tandem mass )Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine HCl Injection Concentrate Thermo TSQ Quantum Access LC-MS/MS was employed for the selective ion monitoring. The unknown impurity fractions , Phenoxybenzamine HCl standard (sigma ) and Impurity B standard were analysed. Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine HCl standard Parameter used: Parent mass: 304.4 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 08 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Phenoxybenzamine Standard Peaks at m/z 63, 84, 91,107,120, 135 and 212 were observed. The base peak is observed at m/z 91 benzyl fragment . It is stabilized by the resonance form of benzene.17 The following figure illustrates the break downs and its corresponding mass units observed in the product ion scan spectrum. Fig. 09 Illustration of break downs of Phenoxybenzamine Apart from the peaks illustrated on above figure, the peaks at m/z 120 arise due to mass unit CH2NCH2CH2Cl + H+ . This is the middle portion after the mass unit at m/z 91 and 93 break apart from the whole Phenoxybenzamine molecule. i.e M + H+ the molecular ion is m/z 304, but 304 (91+93) = 120 . Analysis of Impurity B standard Parameter used: Parent mass: 286 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 09 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Impurity B Standard Product Scan spectrum shows peaks at m/z 84, 91,102,107,135,178,194 and 285. The base peak is m/z 91and the molecular ion is m/z 286. The following figure illustrates the break downs and its corresponding mass units observed in the product ion scan spectrum. Fig. 09 Illustration of break downs of Impurity B As seen in the Phenoxybenzamine product ion scan spectrum the removal of mass units m/z 91 and 93 also is observed in this Impurity B spectrum. i.e . there is a peak arise at m/z 102 , this is due removal mass units m/z 91 and 93 from the molecular ion m/z 286. [286-(91+93)=102] Analysis of Unknown Impurity Parameter used: Parent mass: 286 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 10 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Unknown Impurity Product ion Scan spectrum shows peaks at m/z 84,91,107,119,135,152,160,178,251,267 and 344 . Here the molecular ion peak and base peak are same at m/z 344. This mass spectrum shows quiet similar fragmentation pattern with Phenoxybenzamine and the impurity B were analysed before. Peaks at m/z 84, 91, 93, 107, and 135 are found in all three , Phenoxybenzamine , Impurity B and unknown impurity product ion scan spectrum. Also as studied previously in the spectrum of PBA and impurity B, the deduction of the mass units m/z 91 and 93 from the molecular ion (m/z 344) results a obvious sharp peak at m/z 160. From the facts studied above in product ion scan mass spectrum and accurate mass measurement for elemental composition using TOF -MS , It can be hypothesized a structure of the unknown impurity . The proposed structure for unknown impurity is shown below in figure. Fig. 11 The Molecular Structure proposed for unknown impurity, N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine The proposed structure can be rationalized with the product ion mass spectrum of unknown impurity. Following fig.12 shows the break downs of the unknown impurity that correspond to the peaks observed on mass spectrum. Fig. 12 Illustration of break downs of Unknown Impurity Most of the impurities found in pharmaceutical compounds usually process-related compounds; they are most probably structurally similar to the synthesized target drugs. It is prominent to study the synthesis route of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), when the unknown impurity of drugs substance is been identified. Unfortunately the original synthesis route followed by the API manufacturer of Phenoxybenzamine is not known. The prediction for synthesis route of Phenoxybenzamine with possibilities for arising of other 3 Identified process related impurities (A, B, and C) is shown in the following scheme below based on Giardink(1995).13 + (a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) (v) (c) (d) (vii) (vi) (a)Oxidation ;(b) 1-phenylmethanamine, HC1/EtOH,molecular sieves 4A, NaBH3CN; (c) Br(CH2)2OH, K2CO3, EtOH; (d) SOCI 2, HCI (g), Benzene (i)phenol; (2)2-methyl oxirane ;(3)1-phenoxypropan-2-ol;(4) 1-phenoxypropan-2-one; (5) N-benzyl-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine; (6) 2-[benzyl(1-phenoxypropan-2-yl)amino]ethanol;(7) N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine (Phenoxybenzamine) Scheme 1. Predicted synthesis route for Phenoxybenzamine Formation of Impurity A The reaction between phenol (i) and 2-methyl oxirane (ii) is SN2 nucleophilic substitution. Nucleophiles are more reactive to most substituted carbon of epoxides under acidic condition and least substituted carbon is favoured under basic condition.19 In this case carbon position 2 (fig.13) is favoured under basic condition and its form 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol ,which is the precursor molecule for PBA . Fig. 13 Structure of 2-methyl oxirane To very few extent the nucleophiles react at carbon position 3 will form 2-phenoxypropan-1-ol, which will lead to the formation of Impurity A along synthesis process of PBA. Fig.14 Structure of 2-phenoxypropan-1-ol Formation of Impurity B and Impurity C Impurity B, 2-[benzyl(1-phenoxypropan-2-yl)amino]ethanol is intermediate product during synthesis. Refer structure (vi) of scheme 01 . Impurity C, N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine formed due to chlorination of intermediate product 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol (refer structure (iii) of scheme 01). The unoxidised 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol left over is chlorinated by SOCI 2, HCI during last step of the synthesis. Refer (d) of the scheme. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary structural assignments for unknown impurity of Phenoxybenzamine Injection were made on the basis of mass spectral data. Initially the works started with transferring HPLC method from Zeta Lab to Kingston university and developing a LC-MS chromatographic method. Ammonium formate volatile buffer was replaced for phosphate buffer in HPLC method . Same chromatographic development was able to replicated with ammonium formate buffer. Accurate mass measurement was carried out on ESI-TOF LC-MS . Also this studies led to determine possible empirical formula . Then LC-MS/MS analysis was performed. The Product ion Scan mass spectral data are very vital information in final structural elucidation of unknown impurity. The structure deduced from MS/MS confirms the empirical formula C24H25NO that derived with LC-TOF-MS spectral data. Eventually the impurity identified in this this preliminary structural assignments , which eluted at retention time of 8.7 minute was predicted as N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine . The proposed molecular structure for unknown impurity is shown in fig.11 . The formation of impurities A, B and C those had already identified by manufacture were described based on the predicted synthesis route for Phenoxybenzamine . The formation unknown impurity was not able to explained at this stage of this project since the reaction would have occurred found to be more complicated. This project work was wrapped up at this stage due to time limitation. Further to these preliminary structural assignments various spectroscopic studies such as LC-NMR and IR need to be carried out to complete the characterization of the unknown compound. Ultimately the proposed st ructure can be confirmed by synthesizing N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine in future.