Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism Essay

Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism EssayIntroductionAs we know that indigence is a process where our bring activates a selected port thanks to we chiffonier try to achieve our goal, It drives us to act in a way to achieve our desire goal and it s the cosmopolitan term for on the whole processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and mental activities. Maslow hierarchy of require possibility is matchless of the nearly popular motive theories and its in like manner considered one of the to the highest degree important theories in psychology. According to Maslow raft has a ad hoc necessarily and they are motivated by their desire to satisfy these of necessity. In summation to this he arranged these ineluctably in hierarchical order, he put physiological commands at the bottom of hierarchy ,followed by safeguard postulate ,the belongness and love charters after that flirt with needs and at the top of hierarchy self -actualizatio n need. He proposed that the dispirit -level needs moldiness be fit before higher-level needs bring into being important. Travel motivation reflects ones needs and wants and can be viewed as a critical variable in relation to their buy decisions. Maslow hierarchy guess help us to understand the polar needs that motivate leaders and in opposite hand it go away be enhancing inspection and repair providers fellowship near what kinds of experiences inciteers seek, especi eachy for certain groups of battalion. Maslows hierarchy is considered a habitful tool for understanding consumer motivations, developing commercializeing strategy, appropriate advertising appeals and as the basis for market segmentation and product positioning because consumer goods often serve to satisfy each of the need levelsThe determinants of depart decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are cogitate to the travel motivations. instinct of travelers motivati ons is critical to betoken future travel patterns. Maslows fiver-level hierarchy need speculation has been mostly accepted and used to rationalise travel mien. This paper volition try to discuss the Maslow hierarchy surmisal in touristry and the importance of this theory in tourism field .this paper also involves some studies in tourism which based on Maslow hierarchy theory and how the precedents applied this theory in tourism field.Maslow hierarchy of needs theoryHierarchy of needs theory was proposed in the 1943 by Abraham Maslow who was born in April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He received his BA in 1930, his MA in 1931, and his PhD in 1934, all in psychology, all from the University of Wisconsin. Maslow presented hierarchy of needs. On the bottom of the pyramid are all physiological and safety needs such us diet, water, air, rest etc. high levels represent higher needs, which are more complex. An affiliation on the third level of the pyramid says about be to a gr oups such as family, shallow or work colleagues groups a need of love and friendship. On the forth level are self-esteem needs such as respect, achievement, confidence, need of cosmos recognized. Self-actualization needs are on the last level of the Maslows pyramid are creativity, morality, spontaneity, problem solving etc.He also proposed that the lower -level needs essential be satisfied before higher-level needs be sum up important in extension to this Maslow in 1970 also discus two important needs related outright with tourism the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand .(maslow,1987)The basic need hierarchy1-Physiological needs in this level of hierarchy slew must be satisfied their physiological need which involves basic survival needs such as the needs of air, water, fare and shelter. People cant become concerned with some other higher-order needs before they satisfy these needs2-Safety needs this level is the second level of maslows hierarchy of needs wh ich concerns peoples need to be secure and safe in their environment. It includes the need for protection psychological and physical harm.3-Belongingness and love need these needs include dealing with and acceptance by other people, giving and receiving affection and friendship. Based on Maslows theory people cant reach to this level until satisfied their physiological and safety needs4-Esteem needs accord to Maslow theses needs may be classified in to two subsidiary sets. First, the desire for achievement, adequacy, strength, competence and freedom.seconde we lay down what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige, status, recognition importance and dignity.5-Self actualization needs people need for self- actualization represents their desire to fulfill their potential, maximizing the use of their clevernesss and abilities .malsow proposed that even if all the previous need are satisfied we may still often expect that a impertinently discontent and restlessness will s oon develop, unless the individual is doing what he or she, severally is fitted for.(Hitt ,Miller andColella,2006)There is no doubt that , all these needs affect the choice of destination selected by tourists by tourists, an extreme -adventure tourists might forgo all lower needs to satisfy self actualization.The basic idea of Maslows theory is that individuals are waiting beings they always desire more and that they want relays on what they already have. Its demand to know that Maslows theory relates to individual growing and motivation in life and not just to the behavior of people at work. Thats mean the hierarchy of needs can be applied to the ecstasy of the needs and expectations of tourists as well as to members of workers who work in tourist establishment. (Mulins, 1998)Maslow theory in tourismThis theory is very important in tourism sector because the determinants of travel decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are related to the t ravel motivations. Understanding of travelers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behavior. In increment to this, the satisfaction of people (tourists, employees) needs plays a vital role to develop this sector.According to Horner and Swarbrooke, (2001) satisfying the tourists in tourism is very important for three reasons-It leads to positive word -of -mouth recommendation of the service to friends and families, which in turn brings in new tourists.Creating a repeat customer by satisfying them with their first use of product brings a steady credit of income with no need for extra marketing expenditureDealing with complaints is expensive, time-consuming and bad for the organizations reputation .further more it can bring direct cost through and through compensation payment.In tourism we have two customers one who pay and the other who is working in tourists establish ments .when we satisfy the workers need in workplace that will be reflected in their works and quality of service which provide to tourists.Maslow as we know that also discuss two important needs related directly with tourism the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand. these needs are less known to people because they were not included in the hierarchical needs model .however, from tourism standpoint , these needs carry more weight than others beyond the hierarchical needs model .people travel to learn about something new and to be exposed to objects of beauty. Unfortunately, a few tourism studies have applied Maslows model in relation to these two sets of human needs. (Hsu and Huang, 2008)Examples of tourists studiesTOURISM MARKETING FOR CITIES AND TOWNS victimisation Branding and events to attract touristsBy Bonita M. KolbThe author in his book used this theory when he discuss the factors which affect on a person behavior to chose tourist destination, we can prize tha t the Hierarchy of needs theory has direct application for marketing because m any(prenominal) of these needs are satisfied through the grease ones palms of services and products . Of course, person must continue to satisfy his basic need for pabulum, clothing shelter and security even while they are satisfying his belonging and self-esteem needs. A well-designed tourism package will giveChance to tourists to satisfy many of their needs at the corresponding time. After all, on hearty function how exciting is the places attraction, the tourist will still needing good food, a comfortable be, and personal security. Therefore, tourism marketers must provide information in their promotional on how tourists can satisfy their basic needs while stimunesaly promoting how a visit to the place will satisfy tourists need for belonging, self- esteem, and even self-actualization needs.Satisfying physiological and safety needsTourists want assurance that the place can provide a suitable hotel rooms and high quality restaurants. Inn extension to this the tourists information about the places safety can encourage them to visit this place. Promotional materials must provide information on the places restaurants, hotels and safetymark. in other hand money is one hotels dirty money that is potentially related to these needs to the extent that it provides for food and shelter. , in entree to this workers must consider their jobs are security factors and as means for keeping what they have acquired ( mulins,1998)Satisfying belonging needsThe social belonging and self -esteem needs play a key role to motivate people to visit any place by using a good promotion such as a small places or tourists destination can satisfy tourists belonging need by communicating a friendly and welcoming atmosphere.A large destination also can satisfy these needs through the human action of tourists from every where can be helped to put on tourists feel like they are apart of new social group. In addition to this when the tourists build a sloshed relationship with a local community that may help to motivate a repeat visit. In addition to this, Workers satisfaction in hotels may come from family relationships, a job usually provides an additional source of relationships, The manager can use this theory when he wants to motivate workers through give them money in order to satisfy them basic needs after that by communication can make a good work environment .also when the worker feels thither are affair system in hotel thats mean career development he will be more satisfyTo satisfy tourists belonging need, all tourists destination have to provide a social events and activities that allow tourists to deal with indigenous people and with other tourists .in other hand the workers in tourists establishment must satisfy their belonging needsSatisfying self esteemThese needs also can be used to motivate people to visit by sharing the information about the trip with others after r eturning home.Tourists can satisfy their self -esteem by traveling to learn or improve skill or pursue anew or existing interest .in other hand these needs can be also be enhanced by participation in events that are unique or of limited availability .workers also can satisfy their esteem needs by money and financial rewards because they provide signals of peoples worth to the hotels.Satisfying self actualizationTourism may provide the chance for tourists to improve their own special skills or interests to a victor level tourism marketers could improve a tourist package that involves advanced lectures by experts or training by celebrities.Self actualization also involves the need to do good for others tourism marketers also must consider hosting special activities for tourists that also have an altruistic purpose.Maslows hierarchy and food tourism in Finland five casesBy Irma TikkanenThe author in this paper attempted to explore the field of food tourism in Finland by using Maslow s theory in mixture and how can the food tourism promoters emphasize on the need of people to motivate themAccording to Tikkanen food and beverage expenditure amount to one-third of general tourist expenditure of the global tourism because eating is one of our physiological needs ,in addition to this in his paper he attempted to find the marry between needs and motivations in hierarchy of needs and also how are they linked with tourism .As we know that Food need is one of the most important basic needs which person cant survive without it but also catering services and food images are very important segment of cultural tourism.In this paper the author mentioned that If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, consequently, a new set of needs emerge, which may be categorized roughly as the safety needs, The safety needs represent the desire to be free of danger ,it is also a multidisciplinary problem. That includes food process and legislation management systems and organisational culture microbiological, chemical and physical hazards and human behavior. After the physiological and safety needs satisfied, needs of the need for love, affection and belongingness arise.The esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy. This may reflect internal feelings of strength, achievement, independence, or external desires of reputation, prestige, recognition, attention, etcEven if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual has an inward vocation. In other words, what a man can be, he must be. These needs called self-actualization.Food tourism defined asa visitation to primary and secondary food producers, food festivals, restaurants and specific locations for which food tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of specialist food production region are the primary motivating factor for travel. The authors believe that this de finition is insufficient in explaining all food tourism and he agrees with the opinion which said that food and tourism have a strong related and Food has recognized asa part of the local culture, which tourists consumea part of tourist promotiona potential component of local agricultural and economic development and a regional factor that is affected by the consumption patterns and perceived preferences of the tourists.The authors in his study used multiple-case design because the evidence obtained this way is often regarded as more impressive and assuring. In addition to this five cases representing each type of need in Maslows theory of needs were selected. The goal of the identified five sectors with cases is to explain the case study findings with related to Maslows hierarchy of needs and its applicability into food tourism.According to authors the five sector of food tourism in Finland are food tourism based on physiological needs, food tourism based on safety needs, food tour ism based on esteem needs, and food tourism based on self-actualizing needs. In this paper author discussed food tourism respect to hierarchy of needs.Food tourism based on psychological needs-When the main motivation of food tourism is physiological needs, food is then seen as a tourist attraction such as, on canvas ships the quality and the variety of the meals is attracting tourists, Thats mean the tourists want to satisfy their psychological needs through food tourism. The authors discussed the situation of food tourism in Finland and he mentioned that the external cruising food tourism dates back to the 1960s when cruising tourism started between Finland and Sweden. At that time the assortment of foodstuffs in shops was narrow, and the display was imperfect compared to that of today, and also he think on the alcohol which was one of the main motivations for the international cruising tourism between Finland and Sweden as well as Finland and Estonia. In addition to this In the Suonenjoki region, strawberry select attracts tourists from Russian Carelia every summer offering seasonal income. Self-service strawberry picking attracts tourists locally and regionally on a smaller scale.Food tourism based on safety needs-In this sector of food tourism , it respected to safety needs which consists mainly of local and international food, as well as health and safety conferences, where participants are mostly university researchers, health officers and retailers .the authors emphases on the international conferences of safety food which organized February 1-3, 2003 in Paris, France and one of the unmatched of the companies sending delegates to this event on an annual basis is Kesko, the second biggest retailer in Finland.Food tourism based on social needs-In this sector of food tourism the author mentioned that Food is becoming the main point of festivals and special activities that attracts tourists as well as indigenous residents in addition to this Food and f ood activities can be viewed as complementing the trip and helping to the trips success, the tourists consumption experience, but they can also form a top bodily function during the trip. Therefore, food and the activities linked to it may become the regions core attraction such as the world(prenominal) Wine Festival in Kuopio collected about 50,000 visitors in 2003.Food tourism based on esteem needs-As we said that before esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy, the authors focus oned on Provincial la carte projects which established to promote culinary food tourism and organized in the interest regions Kainuu, Lake Finland, Lapland, Middle Finland, Northern Savo, Northern Carelia, and Ostrobotnia. One of the most important aim of this project is to increase information of the regional food tradition and main materials and to use them in the modern catering servicesFood tourism based on self-actualizing needs-In this type of food to urism the authors emphasized on categorized business to be the purpose of a visit in meetings and conferences. According to thee authors Food trade fair tourism involves of international and domestic food trade fairs. There are many international food trade fairs, such as BioFach World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg, Germany. International food conferences attract food scientists to increase their knowledge. One each year organized domestic food conference is the Finnish Food Congress which has been organized annually since 1970. It is the largest professional educational event for the food sector in Finland. Through these conferences we can satisfy self actualization of food experts who seek new kinds of culinary ideas and new food products. Such as cooks, restaurant managers, food wholesale buyers etc.The authors in his paper used the empirical findings which indicate that when classifying food tourism by sectors, Maslows hierarchy of needs and motivations can be used as the ba sis in the classification.Travel motivation a critical review of the concepts development.By Cathy H.C Hsu and Songshan Huang.The intent of this study represents the development of travel motivation concept over the year the authors apply Maslows hierarchy theory to travel motivation theory. in addition to this they highlights the two conceptual framework travel career leader and travel career pattern . The study also discussed other concepts which influence in travel motivation such as push and pull, Mannel and Iso-Ahlo model of escaping and seeking dimensions, merits of Plogs allocentrism / phsycontrism. In addition the study explained methodological issues in tourist motivation research. We will focus only on the uses of Maslows hierarchy in this study.According to Hsu and Huang (2008) travel motivation related to why people travel motivation related to why people travel so this area is relatively difficult research area of tourism enquiry . Based on this problem this paper revi ews some of the most important research pieces relating to the subject, and which document the conceptual development of the motivation construct.Authors mentioned that sociology and social psychology is root of theoretical framework of travel motivation studies. In addition Maslows hierarchy of needs can be used to analyze the theoretical of many tourism researches because is one of the most influential motivation theories in the faculty member and in the public domain, one reason of this popularity of theory is its simplicity. Maslows theory was demonstrable by clinical psychology, the premise is applicable to others sectors such as counseling, marketing, tourism and organizational psychology.The study also explained how Pears in (1982) used Maslows hierarchy theory in his study the social psychology of tourism behavior . Pears in his study analyse 400 cases of travel experiences provided by some 200 tourists in Australia, Europe, U.S.A and Canada .he wrote down each respondent one positive experience and one negative experience.Pears canvass and coded the tourists experience data in to five categories in accordance to Maslows hierarchy. Based on the information s which collected through analyzed, he suggested that travel motivation has the properties of an approach-avoidance paradigm and travelers attracted to holiday destination because of the possibility satisfying self-actualization, love and belongingness and physiological needs in that order of importance. (Hsu and Huang ,2008)This paper also mentioned hat Maslow in his theory discussed two others important human needs aesthetic needs and the need to know and understand something new. These needs are very important in tourism field because person travels in order to see and learn about something new. But these needs were not included in the hierarchy of needs so the needs are less know to people.Maslows of needs theory as applied to tourism field has been one of the significant main point in travel motivation research, as we said that before this study also highlights the two conceptual framework in understanding travel motivation travel career leader (TCL) and travel career pattern (TCP).Travel career leader can be traced to Pearces earlier work in tourist behavior and it is based upon Maslows hierarchy of needs. Based on the TCL tourists needs or motivations are organized in a hierarchy with relaxation needs at the last(a) level followed by safety needs, relationship needs, self-esteem and development needs and finally fulfillment need. The main idea underlying this conceptual framework is that a persons travel motivation changes with his /her travel experience. (Hsu and Huang,2008)The second conceptual framework which presented recently by Pearce and his friend lee(prenominal) in (2003) is Travel Career Pattern (TCP), it is also known as adjusted version of TCL. In fact its quite different of travel career leader.This concept tested by Pearce and lee in two studies and g enerate very similar motivation factors ,these factors can be classified in two groups the first one involves the most significant and commonplace motivation factors to tourists such as novelty ,relax and relationship while the other group involves motivation factors that were less significant to respondents e.g. comment ,isolation and social status. In addition Pearce and lee proposed three levels of TCP they put significant common motives e.g. relax, relationship and novelty in the main bottom, the next layer which surrounding the main layer involves the moderately important travel motives e.g. self -actualization. The outer layer includes of common and less important travel motives e.g. social status, isolation and nostalgia. In addition Pearce and Lee explained that pleasure tourists at all levels of TCP are affected by the most important and central travel motives as well as by less important motives. Travel Career Patterns as a tourist motivation model is still underdevelo pment and its validity requires further rigorous tests. (Hsu and Huang,2008)We can observe the relationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs and TCP and how can Pearce and his colleagues Lee in 666 used maslows theory to introduce this new model.4-Travel motivations of package tour travellersBy Jui Chi ChangIn this study the authors examined travel motives as well as travel decision-making of Taiwanese travellers with a group package tour abroad. Tourism is an patience for people who are looking for something different and they want to be treated as valuable customers travel motivation as we know reflects ones needs and wants and can be viewed as a critical variable in relation to their purchase decisions and outcome of satisfaction. Motivation emerges when an individual wants to satisfy a need.According to Maslow theory a person has different needs which he wants to satisfy it and these needs motivate person to act anything in order to satisfy his needs , the author mentioned th at , Studying travel motivation helps one to understand customers needs, thus enhancing service providers knowledge about what kinds of experiences travellers seek, especially for certain groups of people in addition to this Understanding of travellers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. thats mean its necessary to study motivation theory especially the Maslow theory of need which determine the person needAccording to the author Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider i t to be so significant.The author mentioned that It is difficult to determine which stimulation triggers ones needs in the first place. Besides, one persons needs may not be the same as anothers, even though they are in the same life cycle. Nevertheless, theories of motivation have played an important role in the development of tourism psychologyThis study suggests that socio-psychological needs are an important motivation for travel, and socio-economic considerations are regarded as a crucial motivation for travel decision-making. Furthermore, travellers decision-making may be strongly influenced by their social relationships friends/relatives recommendations.Finally we can say that Maslow hierarchy theory can used to explain travel behaviour and can help to determine which factor play a vital role to assemble on person decision to visit destination and practice some activities.ConclusionThere is a wide variety of theoretical frameworks that have been developed and used in attemp ts to explain the issues of motivation and satisfaction. As we know that, Human needs can be divided into different categories and the successful in tourism field based on how can tourism satisfy stakeholders needs in tourism sector,.Maslows hierarchical needs theory, although developed in the field of clinical psychology has become widely influential as the best-known general theory of motivation and has been applied to explain motivation in many social disciplines, and areas such as business, marketing and tourism. it has been called an emotional trigger that enables marketers to communicate with their target audiences on a personal, meaningful level that goes beyond product benefits.This theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be as sociated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant.One of the main reasons for the popularity of Maslows hierarchy of needs is probably its simplicity. This hierarchy could be related to the travel industry in the sense that unless individuals have their physiological and safety needs met, they are less likely to be interested in travelling the world to make a difference. Self actualization can, in fact, be considered the end or goal of leisure.Finally we can say that, Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory plays a vital role to determine these needs and helps all the parties to understand the different needs of people in order to satisfy it and achieve success in tourism field.